For whom did telework not work during the Pandemic? understanding the factors impacting telework satisfaction in the US using a multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) model

Divyakant Tahlyan; Maher Said; Hani Mahmassani; Amanda Stathopoulos; Joan Walker; Susan Shaheen

doi:10.1016/j.tra.2021.11.025

For whom did telework not work during the Pandemic? understanding the factors impacting telework satisfaction in the US using a multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) model

Transp Res Part A Policy Pract. 2022 Jan:155:387-402. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2021.11.025. Epub 2021 Dec 10.

Authors

Divyakant Tahlyan¹, Maher Said², Hani Mahmassani³, Amanda Stathopoulos⁴, Joan Walker⁵, Susan Shaheen⁶

Affiliations

¹ Transportation Center, Northwestern University, 600 Foster Street, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
² Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, A308 Technological Institute, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
³ William A. Patterson Distinguished Chair in Transportation, Northwestern University, 600 Foster Street, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
⁴ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, A312 Technological Institute, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
⁵ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 111 McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1720, USA.
⁶ Civil and Environmental Engineering, Co-Director, Transportation Sustainability Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 408 McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic required employees and businesses across the world to rapidly transition to work from home over extended periods, reaching what is likely the upper bound of telework in many sectors. Past studies have identified both advantages and disadvantages of teleworking. The pandemic experience offers a unique opportunity to examine employees' experiences and perceptions of telework given the broad participation duration and extent. While employer strategies will play a major role in defining the future forms and adoption of telework, employee preferences and constraints, such as access to appropriate technology to work from home or the home environment, are also going to be important factors. Using data from a U.S. representative sample of 318 working adults, this study uses a Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause Model (MIMIC) to understand employee satisfaction with telework. The presented model links telework satisfaction with experienced and perceived benefits and barriers related to telework, and hence provide a causal structure to our understanding of telework satisfaction. We also present an ordered probit model without latent variables that help us understand the systematic heterogeneity in telework satisfaction across various socio-demographic groups. The results suggest younger and older aged individuals experienced/perceived lower benefits and higher barriers to teleworking compared to middle aged individuals. The results also suggest a disproportionate impact on Hispanic or Latino and Black respondents as well as on those with children attending online school from home. Accordingly, this study highlights important factors impacting telework adoption that employers and policy makers should consider in planning future work arrangements and policies in a post-pandemic world.

Keywords: COVID-19; ICT and travel behavior; MIMIC model; Satisfaction; Telework; Work from home.