This review focuses on the new relevant biomarkers proposed for the diagnosis of different types of allograft rejections. The immune response against the transplanted tissues can lead to rejection. Kidney allograft rejection occurs when the recipient component's immune system reacts against the donor's cells. MicroRNAs, dd-cf DNA, CD103 markers, CXCR3 chemokine receptor, IP-10, KIR genes, HLA antibodies, the perforin and granzyme B molecules - the constant assessment of all these parameters could prevent acute rejection episodes and kidney injuries. In this way, both immune response and tissue destruction biomarkers are essential for the long-term survival of kidney-transplanted patients. They also contribute to personalizing treatments, precisely personalized immunosuppressive regiments.
Keywords: CDC – complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity; DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; HLA; HLA – Human leukocyte antigens; LSA – Luminex Single Antigen; NK – Natural killer; PRA – panel reactive antibody; TGF-β – transforming growth factor-beta; biomarkers; dd-cf DNA – Donor-derived cell-free DNA; kidney transplant; miRNA – micro-RNAs; rejection; sensitization.
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