The combined effect of fish oil containing Omega-3 fatty acids and Lactobacillus plantarum on colorectal cancer

Elahe Sharifi; Zahra Yazdani; Mojtaba Najafi; Zahra Hosseini-Khah; Ali Jafarpour; Alireza Rafiei

doi:10.1002/fsn3.3037

The combined effect of fish oil containing Omega-3 fatty acids and Lactobacillus plantarum on colorectal cancer

Food Sci Nutr. 2022 Sep 28;10(12):4411-4418. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3037. eCollection 2022 Dec.

Authors

Elahe Sharifi¹, Zahra Yazdani^{2

3}, Mojtaba Najafi⁴, Zahra Hosseini-Khah⁵, Ali Jafarpour^{6

7}, Alireza Rafiei²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Sciences Chabahar Maritime University Chabahar Iran.
² Department of Immunology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran.
³ Student Research Committee Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran.
⁴ Genetics and Animal Breeding Department Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Golestan Iran.
⁵ Diabetes Research Center Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran.
⁶ Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari Iran.
⁷ Food R&D team UPSIDE FOODS Inc Berkeley USA.

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest malignancies. Recent attempts have indicated the role of diet in the etiology of CRC. Natural dietary compounds such as probiotics and Omega-3 fatty acids that act synergistically can be beneficial in finding a tremendous solution against CRC. To date, the combined effect of fish oil containing Omega-3 fatty acids (Omega-3) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) on CRC has been left behind. We here evaluated the effects of co-encapsulation of Omega-3 and probiotic bacteria on CRC cell lines compared to normal cells. Omega-3 and L. plantarum bacteria were co-encapsulated in three ways, including gelatin-gum Arabic, gelatin-chitosan, and chitosan-gum Arabic complex coacervate microcapsules. After treatment of cells (Normal [L929] and colorectal [C26]) by L. plantarum, Omega-3, and microcapsules, viability and growth capacity of cell lines were measured using the MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Isolated total RNA was used to evaluate the expression profile of BCL2-associated X protein (BAX), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), and Caspase-3 (CASP3) genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 25 software. A value of p < .05 was considered statistically significant. The results indicated a significant reduction in cell viability of C26 in a concentration-dependent manner in the treated cells with all treatments, except gelatin-gum Arabic microcapsules. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of the BAX and CASP3 genes in C26 cells being treated with all treatments significantly increased than in untreated cells, and the expression level of the anti-apoptotic factor of the BCL-2 gene decreased in C26 cells simultaneously (p < .05). Although, the combined effect of Omega-3 and L. plantarum and microcapsulated treatments had no more effect on viability and apoptosis gene expression of cancer cells compared to Omega-3 or L. plantarum. In conclusion, combination therapy with fish oil containing Omega-3 and L. plantarum does not improve the anticancer effect of each alone.

Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum; colorectal cancer; co‐encapsulation; omega‐3 fatty acids.