Alginate/pectin dressing with niosomal mangosteen extract for enhanced wound healing: evaluating skin irritation by structure-activity relationship

Philaslak Pooprommin; Chawan Manaspon; Anupma Dwivedi; Anisha Mazumder; Surat Sangkaew; Smith Wanmasae; Jitbanjong Tangpong; Tassanee Ongtanasup; Komgrit Eawsakul

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12032

Alginate/pectin dressing with niosomal mangosteen extract for enhanced wound healing: evaluating skin irritation by structure-activity relationship

Heliyon. 2022 Dec 5;8(12):e12032. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12032. eCollection 2022 Dec.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
² Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
³ Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
⁴ School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
⁵ Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.

Abstract

Most modern wound dressings assist the wound-healing process. In contrast, conventional wound dressings have limited antibacterial activity and promote sporadic fibroblast growth. Therefore, wound dressings with prolonged substance release must be improved. This research aimed to develop hydrogel films. These were synthesized from alginate and pectin, incorporated with mangosteen extract (ME), and encapsulated in niosomes (ME-loaded niosomes). Subsequently, we examined the in vitro release and physical characteristics of ME-loaded niosomes. These characteristics included particle pH, size, charge, polydispersity index (PDI), and drug loading properties. These properties included drug loading content (DLC), entrapment efficiency (EE), and yield (Y). Additionally, we examined the swelling ratio and biological characteristics of the hydrogel film. These characteristics included antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity (L929), cell attachment to the tested materials, cell migration, hemocompatibility, and in vivo irritation. Significant results were obtained using a 2:1 niosome preparation containing Span60 and cholesterol. Ratio influenced size, charge, PDI, DLC, EE, and Y. The results were 225.5 ± 5.83 nm, negatively charged, 0.38, 16.2 ± 0.87%, 64.8 ± 3.49%, and 87.3 ± 3.09%, respectively. Additionally, the release of encapsulated ME was pH sensitive because 85% of the ME can be released at a pH of 5.5 within seven days and decrease to 70% at a pH of 7.4. The maximum swelling ratios of patches with 0.5% and 1% Ca²⁺ crosslinking were 867 wt% and 1,025 wt%, respectively, after 30 min. These results suggested that a medium dose (15 mg) of niosomal ME incorporated in a hydrogel film provided better bacterial inhibition, cell migration, and cell adhesion in an in vitro model. Additionally, no toxicity was observed in the fibroblasts and red blood cells. Therefore, given the above-mentioned advantages, this product can be a promising candidate for wound dressing applications.

Keywords: Hydrogel; Mangosteen extract; Niosome; Skin irritation.