Crestal bone preservation around the dental implant for aesthetic and functional success is widely researched and documented over a decade. Several etiological factors were put forth for crestal bone loss; of which biofilm plays a major role. Biofilm is formed by the colonization of wide spectra of bacteria inhabited around dental implants. Bacterial adherence affects the regulators of bone growth and an early intervention preserves the peri-implant bone. Primary modes of therapy stated in early literature were either prevention or treatment of infection caused by biofilm. This narrative review overviews the microbiome during different stages of peri-implant health, the mechanism of bone destruction, and the expression of the biomarkers at each stage. Microbial contamination and the associated biomarkers varied depending on the stage of peri-implant infection. The comprehensive review helps in formulating a research plan, both in diagnostics and treatment aspects in improving peri-implant health.
Keywords: Antibiotics; Biomarkers; CD14, Cluster of Differentiation 14; CSF, Colony-Stimulating Factor; Gene expression; IL, Interleukins; MMP 8, Matrix MetalloProteinase 8; Microbiota; OPG, Osteoprotegerin; PSMB 2, Proteasome subunit beta type-2; Peri-implant; RANK, Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa-Β; RANKL, Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa-ΒLigand; TIMP, Tissue inhibitor of Metalloproteinase; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor; TWEAK, TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis; VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; sRANKL, soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand.
© 2022 The Author(s).