Titanium-based MAX-phase with sonocatalytic activity for degradation of oxytetracycline antibiotic

Samira Haddadi; Alireza Khataee; Samira Arefi-Oskoui; Behrouz Vahid; Yasin Orooji; Yeojoon Yoon

doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106255

Titanium-based MAX-phase with sonocatalytic activity for degradation of oxytetracycline antibiotic

Ultrason Sonochem. 2023 Jan:92:106255. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106255. Epub 2022 Dec 5.

Authors

Samira Haddadi¹, Alireza Khataee², Samira Arefi-Oskoui³, Behrouz Vahid⁴, Yasin Orooji⁵, Yeojoon Yoon⁶

Affiliations

¹ Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran.
² Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran; Рeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation. Electronic address: a_khataee@tabrizu.ac.ir.
³ Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran; Department of Chemical Industry, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran.
⁴ Department of Chemical Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
⁵ College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
⁶ Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yajoony@yonsei.ac.kr.

Abstract

In light of growing environmental concerns over emerging contaminants in aquatic environments, antibiotics in particular, have prompted the development of a new generation of effective sonocatalytic systems. In this study, a new type of nano-laminated material, Ti₂SnC MAX phase, is prepared, characterized, and evaluated for the sonocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) antibiotic. A variety of identification analyses, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, were conducted to determine the physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalyst. By optimizing the operating factors, total degradation of OTC occurs within 120 min with 1 g L^-1 catalyst, 10 mg L^-1 OTC, at natural pH of 7.1 and 150 W ultrasonic power. The scavenger studies conclude that the singlet oxygen and superoxide ions are the most active species during the sonocatalytic reaction. Based on the obtained data and GC-MS analysis, a possible sonocatalytic mechanism for the OTC degradation in the presence of Ti₂SnC is proposed. The catalyst reusability within eight consecutive runs reveals the proper stability of Ti₂SnC MAX phase. The results indicate the prospect for MAX phase-based materials to be developed as efficient sonocatalysts in the treatment of antibiotics, suggesting a bright future for the field.

Keywords: Emerging contaminants; Oxytetracycline; Sonocatalytic degradation; Ti(2)SnC MAX phase.

MeSH terms

Anti-Bacterial Agents* / chemistry
Catalysis
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Oxytetracycline* / chemistry
Titanium / chemistry

Substances

Anti-Bacterial Agents
Oxytetracycline
Titanium