Purpose: This study proposes a Bayesian multidimensional nominal response model (MD-NRM) to statistically analyze the nominal response of multiclass classifications.
Materials and methods: First, for MD-NRM, we extended the conventional nominal response model to achieve stable convergence of the Bayesian nominal response model and utilized multidimensional ability parameters. We then applied MD-NRM to a 3-class classification problem, where radiologists visually evaluated chest X-ray images and selected their diagnosis from one of the three classes. The classification problem consisted of 150 cases, and each of the six radiologists selected their diagnosis based on a visual evaluation of the images. Consequently, 900 (= 150 × 6) nominal responses were obtained. In MD-NRM, we assumed that the responses were determined by the softmax function, the ability of radiologists, and the difficulty of images. In addition, we assumed that the multidimensional ability of one radiologist were represented by a 3 × 3 matrix. The latent parameters of the MD-NRM (ability parameters of radiologists and difficulty parameters of images) were estimated from the 900 responses. To implement Bayesian MD-NRM and estimate the latent parameters, a probabilistic programming language (Stan, version 2.21.0) was used.
Results: For all parameters, the Rhat values were less than 1.10. This indicates that the latent parameters of the MD-NRM converged successfully.
Conclusion: The results show that it is possible to estimate the latent parameters (ability and difficulty parameters) of the MD-NRM using Stan. Our code for the implementation of the MD-NRM is available as open source.
Keywords: Chest X-ray; Item response theory; Nominal response model; Probabilistic programming language.
© 2022. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Japan Radiological Society.