Rates and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder and symptoms during the immediate onset of COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of patients from an outpatient psychiatric clinic in Turkiye

Yusuf Ozay Ozdemir; Gokce Elif Saridogan; Filiz Kulacaoglu; Cemre Ozdemir; Aylin Evecen; Ilke Sertler; Esra Aydin Sunbul; Duygu Kubra Gocmen Yigit; Cengiz Gokce; Sumeyye Calli

doi:10.14744/nci.2022.89983

Rates and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder and symptoms during the immediate onset of COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of patients from an outpatient psychiatric clinic in Turkiye

North Clin Istanb. 2022 Oct 28;9(5):514-523. doi: 10.14744/nci.2022.89983. eCollection 2022.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Erenkoy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye.
² Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Istanbul, Turkiye.

Abstract

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the traumatic stress levels, participants demonstrating higher than post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cutoff, thus PTSD possibility, levels, and related factors of patients who felt the need to apply to the outpatient clinic for the 1st time during the first period of the outbreak of the pandemic as a traumatic event, when many psychiatry outpatient clinics were mostly closed to face-to-face admissions. In our research, we targeted three objectives. First, we evaluated PTSD as indicated with measure cutoff points and post-traumatic stress symptom (PTSS) rates among the individuals who were admitted to an outpatient psychiatric clinic for the 1st time, 3 months after the first COVID-19 case was reported in Turkiye. Second, we investigated the relationship between PTSS and PTSD cutoff with anxiety, stress, depression, hopelessness, fear of COVID-19, and disability levels. Third, we aimed to explore the sociodemographic data and risk factors related to PTSD cutoff and PTSS controlling levels of disability, hopelessness, fear of COVID-19, anxiety, depression, and stress.

Methods: For our study, a total number of 85 cases were recruited. Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCS) were administered to each patient.

Results: The rates of possible PTSD and PTSSs were found to be 25.9% and 88.2%. The majority of participants were women (65.9%) who have been presenting complaints with anxiety symptoms (60.1%) and social media users (74.1%). The mean DASS-21 all subscales (anxiety, depression, and stress) (p<0.01), BHS (p<0.01), FCS (p=0.03), and SDS family life/home responsibilities subscale (p<0.01) scores of PTSD cutoff subgroup (n=22) were higher than non-PTSD group (n=63). We observed significant positive correlations between the FCS scores and DASS-21 anxiety subscale (p<0.01), SDS family life/home responsibilities and social life/leisure activities subscales (p<0.05), and PDS symptom severity subscale (p<0.01) scores.

Conclusion: These results demonstrate that a COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic life event that causes high rates of possible PTSD, PTSS, anxiety, depression, hopelessness, and disability and leads to admissions to psychiatric outpatient clinics.

Keywords: Anxiety; depression; disability; hopelessness; social media.