Chronic Cadmium Exposure and Genetic Polymorphisms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a Population Exposed to Steel Slag in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study

Jamila A Perini; Mayara C da Silva; Lorena V Correa; Yasmin M Silva; Renato M Borges; Maria de Fátima R Moreira

doi:10.3390/ijerph192215304

Chronic Cadmium Exposure and Genetic Polymorphisms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a Population Exposed to Steel Slag in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 19;19(22):15304. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192215304.

Authors

Jamila A Perini¹, Mayara C da Silva¹, Lorena V Correa², Yasmin M Silva¹, Renato M Borges², Maria de Fátima R Moreira²

Affiliations

¹ Laboratório de Pesquisa de Ciências Farmacêuticas-LAPESF, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1.203, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, RJ, Brazil.
² Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (ENSP/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil.

Abstract

Genetic polymorphisms in the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family genes may be associated with cadmium (Cd) levels and its adverse effects. This study investigated the impact of MMP-2 and MMP-9 polymorphisms on Cd levels in 238 residents of a condominium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, built over an industrial steel slag waste. Polymorphisms were genotyped using TaqMan validated assays, and the Cd levels were measured in blood (BCd) and urine (UCd) samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Associations were evaluated by linear correlation coefficients and multiple logistic regression, using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Mean age was 50 ± 15 years; 58% were female, 69% non-smokers. Mean concentrations for BCd and UCd were 0.70 ± 0.2 μg L^-1 and 0.56 ± 0.55 μg L^-1, respectively. Smoking status was associated with BCd ≥ 0.70 μg L^-1 (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.6-5.9). MMP-9 rs17576 A > G was associated with BCd ≥ 0.70 μg L^-1 (OR = 2.11; 95% CI = 1.10-4.05) and UCd ≥ 0.56 μg L^-1 (OR = 3.38; 95% CI = 1.82-7.65). Knowing possible individual predisposing factors is essential to understand Cd toxicity, and to improve the monitoring of high-risk populations.

Keywords: MMP-2; MMP-9; cadmium exposure; environmental health; genetic polymorphism; heavy metal.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adult
Aged
Brazil
Cadmium / toxicity
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Humans
Male
Matrix Metalloproteinase 2* / genetics
Matrix Metalloproteinase 9* / genetics
Middle Aged
Polymorphism, Genetic
Steel

Substances

Cadmium
Matrix Metalloproteinase 2
Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
Steel
MMP2 protein, human
MMP9 protein, human

Grants and funding

This study was supported by the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz and the Brazilian agencies: Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001. Funding body contributed to acquisition of research inputs.