The complex involvement of the digestive tract in human defense behavior - structural and functional arguments

Abstract

The digestive system has an innate monitoring and defense capacity, which allows the recognition and elimination of different dangerous substances. The complex analysis of the intestinal content comprises the cross-interactions between the epithelial cells, the enteroendocrine cells, the neural tissue and the cellular defense mechanisms. The enteric nervous system, also called "the enteric brain" or "the second brain" is the only neuronal network outside the central nervous system capable of autonomous reflex activity. The enteric nervous system activity is mostly independent of the central nervous system, but not in all aspects. In fact, even the enteral reflexes are a consequence of the bidirectional intestine-brain relation. The central nervous and enteric nervous systems are coupled through the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. The gastrointestinal functions are regulated due to the interaction between the intrinsic neurons within the gastrointestinal wall and the extrinsic neurons outside the gastrointestinal tract. Here we provide an overview of the important role of the enteric brain in defensive behavior, as well as its structural and functional particularities that make it a special organ.

Keywords: ATP – adenosine triphosphate; CCK – cholecystokinin; CNS – central nervous system; CO – carbon monoxide; DRG – dorsal root ganglia; EC – epithelial cells; EEC – enteroendocrine cells; EGC – enteric glial cells; ENS – enteric nervous system; GIP – glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP-1 – glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-2 – glucagon-like peptide-2; IAN – intrinsic afferent neurons; ICC – interstitial Cajal cells; IGLEs – intraganglionic laminar endings; IMAs – intramuscular arrays; IN – interneurons; MN – motoneurons; NO – nitric oxide; PYY – peptide YY; PeNS – peripheral nervous system; SM – secretomotor neurons; SN – secretomotor neurons; VIP – vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; autonomic nervous system; enteric nervous system; enteroendocrine cells; gut-brain interaction.