Objective: To investigate the perceptions, attitudes, and surgical strategies of Chinese surgeons, toward stoma management. Methods: We conducted a nationwide, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey among individuals working at relevant departments in any tier of hospitals, including general surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, surgical oncology, emergency, and others, that was involved in managing enterostomies. We required that participants be senior surgeons who had participated in performing enterostomy surgery. The questionnaire consisted of five dimensions: personnel qualification and training, attitude toward ostomy complications, preoperative siting, the process of acquiring ostomy-related surgical skills, and awareness and adoption of relevant techniques. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: From July 2021 to July 2022, we sent 488 questionnaires through a WeChat link or two-dimensional barcode. We received 467 (95.7%) responses from 196 hospitals in 26 provinces. Among the respondents, 426 (91.2%) were from tertiary hospitals, the departments of which comprised general surgery (130, 27.8%), gastrointestinal surgery (210, 45.0%), surgical oncology (116, 24.8%), and other departments (11, 2.4%). Senior surgeons accounted for 311(66.6%) of the participants. We found that: (1) mentorship by senior surgeons was the primary source of knowledge about ostomies (83.3%, 389/467), followed by mentorship by others and surgical atlases (44.8%, 209/467), and self-education (42.0%, 196/467). (2) Concerns about correlations between complications and surgical procedures that were believed to be "closely" or "probably" related to complications (79.0%, 369/467) were expressed by 99.4% (464/467) of the surgeons. Stenosis and intestinal obstruction requiring unplanned surgery were not uncommon (61.0%, 285/467). Of the listed complications, 46.7% (218/467) were believed to be related to surgical procedures and 79.0% (369/467) avoidable. Only 58.7% (274/467) of surgeons had participated in training and discussion of stoma complications whereas 99.1% (463/467) believed that joint training and discussions between surgeons and enterostomal therapists were necessary. (3) The main reasons for creation of stomas that were not consistent with prior siting included: stoma site marked preoperatively not a suitable trocar site (56.1%, 262/467), defunctioning stoma marking according to standards for permanent stomas (50.7%, 237/467), and inappropriate marking (43.3%, 202/467). (4) The rate of awareness of relevant procedures was generally high; however, it was less than 75% for stoma creation by circular stapler (64.1%, 257/401) and parastomal drainage (44.1%, 177/401). Eversion suture of mucosa and supporting rods were utilized in 65.6% (263/401) and 56.4% (226/401), respectively. Peritoneum (or posterior rectus abdominis sheath) (68.3%, 274/401), anterior rectus abdominis sheath (54.4%, 218/401), and skin (80.6%, 323/401) were the most commonly used tissues for fixation and suture layers of defunctioning and permanent stomas. However, closure of subcutaneous tissue was controversial, suturing being advocated by 26.7% (107/401) and 32.7% (131/401) of surgeons, respectively. Complications were considered to depend mainly on technical skills rather than the amount of suturing by 81.5% (327/401) of the participating surgeons. Conclusions: The complications of stoma surgery are related to the awareness and technical skills of surgeons, indicating there are insufficient training, education, management, and research. Standardization of enterostomy technical strategies and stoma management are therefore imperative.
目的： 了解外科医师对于肠造口管理的观念、重视程度、手术策略及操作习惯。 方法： 采用横断面调查的研究方法，应用问卷进行调研。调查全国范围内涉及肠造口手术的各级医院。目标科室包括普通外科、胃肠外科、肿瘤外科、急诊及其他涉及肠造口手术的科室。调查对象需为住院医师及以上职称并参与过造口手术的外科医师。问卷包括肠造口相关的5个维度：人员资质及科室培训、对造口并发症的重视程度、造口定位与造口位置选择、造口手术习惯、操作细节和对造口相关技术了解及使用情况。采用描述性统计分析。 结果： 2021年7月至2022年7月间，通过微信链接或二维码方式共发送调查问卷488份，回收467份（95.7%）。应答医院196家，涉及26个省份地级市。参与调查的医师在三级以上医院426人（91.2%）；所属科室包括：（大）普通外科130人（27.8%）、胃肠外科210人（45.0%）、肿瘤外科116人（24.8%）、其他涉及肠造口制作的科室11人（2.4%）。副主任医师以上311人（66.6%）。结果显示：（1）培训情况：在所调查的医师中，造口技术获取途径多为“导师或高年资医师传授”（83.3%，389/467），其次为“传授+图谱”（44.8%，209/467）和“自己摸索、不断改进技巧”（42.0%，196/467）。（2）造口并发症认知情况：99.4%（464/467）的医师都关注到了造口并发症与手术操作的相关性，46.7%（218/467）的医师认为所列举出的并发症均与手术操作有关。61.0%（285/467）的医师遇到过需要二次手术干预或危及患者生命的造口狭窄或梗阻。其次，79.0%（369/467）的医师认为，造口技术本身与并发症“密切相关”或者“比较有关”，且“大多可以避免”。仅有58.7%（274/467）的医师参加过肠造口并发症预防及治疗的讨论与培训；99.1%（463/467）的医师认为，医师和造口治疗师的联合培训以及并发症讨论有必要并亟待开展。（3）造口手术操作部分：未按照定位进行造口的主要原因分别为“造口定位不能兼顾戳卡孔（56.1%，262/467）”，“按永久性造口定位了临时性造口（50.7%，237/467）”、“定位错误或不合理（43.3%，202/467）”。（4）肠造口相关技术情况：知晓率总体较高，但常规采用率整体不高。其中，技术知晓率不足75%的有“管状吻合器造口”（64.1%，257/401）与“造口旁负压引流”（44.1%，177/401）。而在使用情况上，分别有65.6%（263/401）和56.4%（226/401）的医师在“永久性结肠单腔造口”中与“袢式回肠造口”中常规采用“黏膜外翻缝合技术”与“支撑棒”。对于预防性造口和永久性造口的固定及缝合层次上，较为认可的是缝合“腹膜（或后鞘）”（68.3%，274/401）、“前鞘”（54.4%，218/401）和“皮肤”（80.6%，323/401），较为有争议的是“皮下组织”的处理，分别有26.7%（107/401）和32.7%（131/401）的医师主张缝合。有81.5%（327/401）的医师认同缝合操作并发症的发生“不在缝合多少，主要看技术水平”。 结论： 造口手术并发症与外科医师认知及操作相关，造口相关观念、造口手术操作习惯及造口管理异质性较大，造口专项培训不足，造口手术和管理规范化及相关研究势在必行。.