Background: Health care and well-being are 2 main interconnected application areas of conversational agents (CAs). There is a significant increase in research, development, and commercial implementations in this area. In parallel to the increasing interest, new challenges in designing and evaluating CAs have emerged.
Objective: This study aims to identify key design, development, and evaluation challenges of CAs in health care and well-being research. The focus is on the very recent projects with their emerging challenges.
Methods: A review study was conducted with 17 invited studies, most of which were presented at the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) CHI 2020 conference workshop on CAs for health and well-being. Eligibility criteria required the studies to involve a CA applied to a health or well-being project (ongoing or recently finished). The participating studies were asked to report on their projects' design and evaluation challenges. We used thematic analysis to review the studies.
Results: The findings include a range of topics from primary care to caring for older adults to health coaching. We identified 4 major themes: (1) Domain Information and Integration, (2) User-System Interaction and Partnership, (3) Evaluation, and (4) Conversational Competence.
Conclusions: CAs proved their worth during the pandemic as health screening tools, and are expected to stay to further support various health care domains, especially personal health care. Growth in investment in CAs also shows the value as a personal assistant. Our study shows that while some challenges are shared with other CA application areas, safety and privacy remain the major challenges in the health care and well-being domains. An increased level of collaboration across different institutions and entities may be a promising direction to address some of the major challenges that otherwise would be too complex to be addressed by the projects with their limited scope and budget.
Keywords: conversational agents; conversational interfaces; dialog systems; health care; well-being.
©Ahmet Baki Kocaballi, Emre Sezgin, Leigh Clark, John M Carroll, Yungui Huang, Jina Huh-Yoo, Junhan Kim, Rafal Kocielnik, Yi-Chieh Lee, Lena Mamykina, Elliot G Mitchell, Robert J Moore, Prasanth Murali, Elizabeth D Mynatt, Sun Young Park, Alessandro Pasta, Deborah Richards, Lucas M Silva, Diva Smriti, Brendan Spillane, Zhan Zhang, Tamara Zubatiy. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 15.11.2022.