Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for characterization of filtrate portions of blood serum samples of typhoid patients

Maria Akram; Muhammad Irfan Majeed; Haq Nawaz; Nosheen Rashid; Muhammad Rizwan Javed; Muhammad Zeeshan Ali; Ali Raza; Muhammad Shakeel; Hafiz Mahmood Ul Hasan; Zain Ali; Usama Ehsan; Muhammad Shahid

doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103199

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for characterization of filtrate portions of blood serum samples of typhoid patients

Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022 Dec:40:103199. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103199. Epub 2022 Nov 9.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
² Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan. Electronic address: irfan.majeed@uaf.edu.pk.
³ Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan. Electronic address: haqchemist@yahoo.com.
⁴ Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan. Electronic address: nosheenrasheed@yahoo.com.
⁵ Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.

PMID: 36371020
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103199

Abstract

Background: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is explored to design a rapid screening method for the characterization and diagnosis of typhoid fever by employing filtrate fractions of blood serum samples obtained by centrifugal filtration with 50 KDa filters.

Objectives: The purpose of this study, to separate the filtrate portions of blood serum samples in this way contain proteins smaller than 50 kDa and removal of bigger size protein which allows to acquire the SERS spectral features of smaller proteins more effectively which are probably associated with typhoid disease. Disease caused by Salmonella typhi diagnose more effectively by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and multivariate data analysis tools.

Methods: SERS was used as a diagnostic tool for typhoid fever by comparison between healthy and diseased samples. For this purpose, all the samples were analyzed by comparing their SERS spectral features. Over the spectral range of 400-1800cm^-1, multivariate data analysis techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) are applied to diagnose and differentiate different filtrate fractions of blood serum samples of patients of typhoid fever and healthy ones.

Results: By comparing SERS spectra of healthy filtrate with that of filtrate of typhoid sample, the SERS spectral features associated with disease development are identified including PCA is found to be efficient for the qualitative differentiation of all of the samples analyzed. Moreover, PLS-DA successfully identified and classified healthy and typhoid positive blood serum samples with 97 % accuracy, 99 % specificity, 91 % sensitivity and 0.78 area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve.

Conclusions: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy using silver nanoparticles SERS substrate, is found to be useful technique for the quick identification and evaluation of filtrate fractions of the blood serum samples of healthy and typhoid samples for disease diagnosis.

Keywords: Blood serum; Centrifugal filtration; Chemometrics; Silver nanoparticles; Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; Typhoid.

MeSH terms

Humans
Metal Nanoparticles* / chemistry
Photochemotherapy* / methods
Principal Component Analysis
Serum
Silver / chemistry
Spectrum Analysis, Raman / methods
Typhoid Fever* / diagnosis

Substances

Silver