Background: Current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are administered systemically and typically result in poor immunogenicity at the mucosa. As a result, vaccination is unable to reduce viral shedding and transmission, ultimately failing to prevent infection. One possible solution is that of boosting a systemic vaccine via the nasal route resulting in mucosal immunity. Here, we have evaluated the potential of bacterial spores as an intranasal boost. Method: Spores engineered to express SARS-CoV-2 antigens were administered as an intranasal boost following a prime with either recombinant Spike protein or the Oxford AZD1222 vaccine. Results: In mice, intranasal boosting following a prime of either Spike or vaccine produced antigen-specific sIgA at the mucosa together with the increased production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. In a hamster model of infection, the clinical and virological outcomes resulting from a SARS-CoV-2 challenge were ameliorated. Wuhan-specific sIgA were shown to cross-react with Omicron antigens, suggesting that this strategy might offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Conclusions: Despite being a genetically modified organism, the spore vaccine platform is attractive since it offers biological containment, the rapid and cost-efficient production of vaccines together with heat stability. As such, employed in a heterologous systemic prime-mucosal boost regimen, spore vaccines might have utility for current and future emerging diseases.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; nasal vaccine; prime boost.