Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and R2* of silent cerebral infarcts in sickle cell anemia

Russell Murdoch; Hanne Stotesbury; Jamie M Kawadler; Dawn E Saunders; Fenella J Kirkham; Karin Shmueli

doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.1000889

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and R2^* of silent cerebral infarcts in sickle cell anemia

Front Neurol. 2022 Oct 20:13:1000889. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1000889. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Russell Murdoch¹, Hanne Stotesbury², Jamie M Kawadler², Dawn E Saunders², Fenella J Kirkham^{2

3}, Karin Shmueli¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
² Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
³ University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, and Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Silent cerebral infarction (SCI) is the most commonly reported radiological abnormality in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) and is associated with future clinical stroke risk. To date, there have been few histological and quantitative MRI studies of SCI and multiple radiological definitions exist. As a result, the tissue characteristics and composition of SCI remain elusive. The objective of this work was therefore to investigate the composition of segmented SCI lesions using quantitative MRI for R $_{2}^{*}$ and quantitative magnetic susceptibility mapping (QSM). 211 SCI lesions were segmented from 32 participants with SCA and 6 controls. SCI were segmented according to two definitions (FLAIR+/-T1w-based threshold) using a semi-automated pipeline. Magnetic susceptibility (χ) and R $_{2}^{*}$ maps were calculated from a multi-echo gradient echo sequence and mean SCI values were compared to an equivalent region of interest in normal appearing white matter (NAWM). SCI χ and R $_{2}^{*}$ were investigated as a function of SCI definition, patient demographics, anatomical location, and cognition. Compared to NAWM, SCI were significantly less diamagnetic (χ = -0.0067 ppm vs. -0.0153 ppm, p < 0.001) and had significantly lower R $_{2}^{*}$ (16.7 s^-1 vs. 19.2 s^-1, p < 0.001). SCI definition had a significant effect on the mean SCI χ and R $_{2}^{*}$ , with lesions becoming significantly less diamagnetic and having significantly lower R $_{2}^{*}$ after the application of a more stringent T1w-based threshold. SCI-NAWM R $_{2}^{*}$ decrease was significantly greater in patients with SCA compared with controls (-2.84 s^-1 vs. -0.64 s^-1, p < 0.0001). No significant association was observed between mean SCI-NAWM χ or R2^* differences and subject age, lesion anatomical location, or cognition. The increased χ and decreased R $_{2}^{*}$ in SCI relative to NAWM observed in both patients and controls is indicative of lower myelin or increased water content within the segmented lesions. The significant SCI-NAWM R $_{2}^{*}$ differences observed between SCI in patients with SCA and controls suggests there may be differences in tissue composition relative to NAWM in SCI in the two populations. Quantitative MRI techniques such as QSM and R $_{2}^{*}$ mapping can be used to enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology and composition of SCI in patients with SCA as well as controls.

Keywords: R2*; composition; infarction; magnetic susceptibility; quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM); sickle cell anemia (SCA); silent cerebral infarction (SCI).