A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Low-Risk Population in India

Shalimar; Sai Priya; Hardik Gupta; Bhavik Bansal; Anshuman Elhence; Ravi V Krishna Kishore; Amit Goel

doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2022.06.003

A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Low-Risk Population in India

J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022 Nov-Dec;12(6):1438-1444. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.06.003. Epub 2022 Jun 11.

Authors

Shalimar¹, Sai Priya², Hardik Gupta¹, Bhavik Bansal¹, Anshuman Elhence¹, Ravi V Krishna Kishore³, Amit Goel³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
² Department of General Medicine, Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India.
³ Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Abstract

Background: Identification of risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission will help in targeted screening of people who are at risk for HCV.

Method: Indian studies, published between January 1989 and June 2020, were systematically reviewed to identify the relevant studies. We searched electronic databases including PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Google scholar to identify the original data published in English language. The full-text studies, published in any form, which reported data on risk factors for HCV transmission among low-risk population were selected. The studies which exclusively included high-risk groups were excluded.

Results: Data were extracted from 31,176 participants included in 25 studies (median [range] 40 [7-20,113). The participants were HCV infected patients who visited the hospital (n = 10), community population (n = 6), pregnant women (n = 5), blood donors (n = 2), people with diabetes mellitus (n = 1), army recruits (n = 1), or slum dwellers (n = 1). These studies provided data on blood transfusion, use of unsafe injections, minor or major surgery, unsafe dental procedures, tattooing, body piercing, obstetrical procedures, unsafe shaving, intravenous drug use, and unsafe sexual practices as risk factors for HCV transmission.

Conclusion: Unsafe injections, body piercing, unsafe dental procedure, unsafe shaving, and tattooing were identified as major risk factors for reported by HCV population participants.More data are needed to identify the risk factors for HCV in Indian population. Risk-factor-targeted screening may increase the yield and reduce the cost of HCV screening in India.

Keywords: DAA, Direct-acting antivirals; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; MHD, Maintenance hemodialysis; NVHCP, National viral hepatitis control program; PLHIV, People living with HIV; PWID, People who inject drugs; WHO, World Health Organization; hepatitis; hepatitis c virus; risk factor; screening.