Changes in occupational class differences in leisure-time physical activity and the contribution of retirement

Abstract

Occupational class differences in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) are well recognized. Less is known about how these differences develop as individuals age, and how retirement is associated with this change. We investigated how occupational class differences in LTPA change in a cohort over a 15-17 years follow-up. We further examined, how the transition into mandatory or disability retirement contributed to the change in LTPA levels and occupational class differences. We used the data from the Helsinki Health Study surveying the aging City of Helsinki employees. In all, 8773 individuals were included in the analyses. We evaluated LTPA levels using weekly metabolic equivalent task (MET) hours and used generalized linear mixed effect models (GLMM) to estimate the development of LTPA levels. Commuting was included in the LTPA measure. Occupational class differences in LTPA emerged and widened during the follow-up. The physical activity levels decreased in the lower occupational class and slightly increased in the higher occupational class, resulting in a difference of 4.3 MET-hours at the end of follow-up, accounting for 50 min of brisk walking per week. The occupational class differences emerged during transition into mandatory retirement and persisted after this. Transition into disability retirement temporarily widened the occupational class differences in LTPA levels, but the differences diminished during the follow-up. Research on interventions to counteract the declining LTPA is needed to discover ways to prevent the widening of occupational health disparities during aging. The transition into old-age retirement could be an optimal period for focusing these interventions.

Keywords: aging; cohort study; leisure-time physical activity; occupational-class differences; retirement.