Objective: To examine the safety and feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) surgical planning system for guiding robot-assisted selective artery clamping partial nephrectomy (RASPN) in completely endophytic renal tumor. Methods: Clinical data of 32 patients who suffered from completely endophytic renal tumor and underwent RASPN associated with 3D surgical planning system in Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center from November 2018 to August 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 21 males and 11 females, with the age (M (IQR)] of 45.0 (17.5) years (range: 30 to 68 years). Fifteen tumors were located on the left and 17 on the right. Maximum tumor diameter, R.E.N.A.L. Score and preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were 27.5 (13.0) mm (range: 14 to 50 mm), 10.0 (1.8) (range: 7 to 11), and 105.5 (15.7) ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 (range: 71.1 to 124.8 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1), respectively. The 3D reconstruction before RASPN was performed in all patients to formulate surgical planning, mainly including stereo localization of renal mass, confirmation of tumor feeding artery, and injury prediction of collecting system or vessel via "2 mm distance method" defined as probable damage of renal pelvis/calyx and artery/vein when these tissues were less than 2 mm away from tumor. Results: Totally 32 patients successfully underwent RASPN guided by 3D surgical planning system, without conversion to open operation or radical nephrectomy. Rapid location of tumor and selective clamping of artery were achieved in all cases and no one encountered global ischemia, with branch occlusion time of 24.5 (15.4) min (range: 12 to 60 min) and coincidence rate of 95.0% (57/60) between planned and actual clamping vessels. The sensitivity and specificity of 2 mm distance method for predicting the injury of collecting system were 13/15 and 17/17, respectively. The operating time of 185 (48) minuetes (range: 76 to 295 minutes) and estimated blood loss of 200 (350) ml (range: 20 to 800 ml) were observed, without intraoperative transfusion case. There was one patient performed with renal vein repair. Clavien-Dindo postoperative grade Ⅱ and Ⅲa bleeding complications occurred in 2 cases, and no postoperative urinary fistula was found. The length of hospitalization was 3 (0) days (range: 2 to 10 days). The pathological diagnosis demonstrated 4 chromophobe cell carcinomas and 2 angiomyolipomas, besides 26 clear cell carcinomas including one positive surgical margin. The postoperative latest eGFR was 103.9(18.5) ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 (range: 75.8 to 122.3 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1) and no tumor recurrence or metastasis was detected during the follow-up time of 15.4 (13.9) months (range: 3 to 35 months). Conclusion: For RASPN in completely endophytic renal tumor, 3D surgical planning system is contributed to determining mass position, defining tumor feeding artery, and predicting collecting system/vessel injury, which benefited precise tumor resection, postoperative renal function preservation, and perioperative urinary fistula and bleeding complication decrease.
目的： 探讨三维手术规划系统引导机器人辅助选择性血管阻断肾部分切除术（RASPN）治疗完全内生型肾肿瘤的安全性与可行性。 方法： 回顾性分析2018年11月至2021年8月中山大学肿瘤防治中心泌尿外科收治的32例在三维手术规划系统引导下行RASPN的完全内生型肾肿瘤患者的临床资料。男性21例，女性11例，年龄［M（IQR）］45.0（17.5）岁（范围：30~68岁）。肿瘤位于左侧15例，右侧17例。肿瘤最大径27.5（13.0）mm（范围：14~50 mm）。R.E.N.A.L.评分10.0（1.8）分（范围：7~11分）。术前估算肾小球滤过率105.5（15.7）ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1［范围：71.1~124.8 ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1］。术前完善三维重建及手术规划，主要包括肿瘤立体定位、明确肿瘤滋养血管、预测集合系统或血管损伤（2 mm间距法，即距肿瘤<2 mm的集合系统或血管可能被损伤）。 结果： 32例患者均在三维手术规划系统引导下完成RASPN，无中转开放手术或改行根治性肾切除术病例。所有患者实现肿瘤快速定位及选择性血管阻断，分支动脉阻断时间24.5（15.4）min（范围：12~60 min），术前规划阻断血管与术中实际阻断血管的符合率为95.0%（57/60），无中转肾动脉全阻断者。2 mm间距法预测集合系统损伤的灵敏度和特异度分别为13/15和17/17。手术时间185（48）min（范围：76~295 min）。术中估计出血量200（350）ml（范围：20~800 ml），无术中输血病例。1例术中行肾静脉修补。术后出血相关的Clavien-Dindo Ⅱ级和Ⅲa级并发症各1例，无术后尿瘘者。术后住院时间3（0）d（范围：2~10 d）。1例透明细胞癌手术切缘阳性。随访时间15.4（13.9）个月（范围：3~35个月），术后末次肾小球滤过率为103.9（18.5）ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1［范围：75.8~122.3 ml·min-1·（1.73 m2）-1］。无患者发生肿瘤复发或转移。 结论： 对于完全内生型肾肿瘤RASPN，三维手术规划系统有助于术者判断肿瘤位置、明确肿瘤滋养血管、预测集合系统或血管损伤，进而精准切除肿瘤、保护术后肾功能、减少围手术期尿瘘及出血并发症，用于术前规划安全可行。.