Oxidative stress, biochemical, and histopathological changes associated with acute lumpy skin disease in cattle

Ahmed Kamr; Hany Hassan; Ramiro Toribio; Anis Anis; Mohamed Nayel; Ali Arbaga

doi:10.14202/vetworld.2022.1916-1923

Oxidative stress, biochemical, and histopathological changes associated with acute lumpy skin disease in cattle

Vet World. 2022 Aug;15(8):1916-1923. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1916-1923. Epub 2022 Aug 15.

Authors

Ahmed Kamr¹, Hany Hassan¹, Ramiro Toribio², Anis Anis³, Mohamed Nayel⁴, Ali Arbaga¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Animal Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt.
² Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
³ Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City 32897, Egypt.
⁴ Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Animal Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt.

Abstract

Background and aim: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious endemic viral disease of cattle in Africa and the Middle East. The objectives of this study were to assess histopathological changes in cattle infected with LSD and measure serum malondialdehyde (MDA - oxidant) and total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC - anti-oxidant), trace elements (zinc, copper, and iron), cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]), haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine concentrations.

Materials and methods: Blood samples were collected from a total of sixty native and mixed breed cattle; (healthy; n = 25) and (LSD diseased; n = 35). Serum concentrations of MDA and TAC were measured by colorimetric methods. Serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, Hp, and SAA concentrations were determined using human-specific enzyme-linked immunoassay kits.

Results: Serum MDA, cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), Hp, SAA, AST, ALT, CPK, BUN, and creatinine concentrations were significantly higher, while TAC, IL-10, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations were significantly lower in LSD compared to healthy cattle (p < 0.05). Cows and exotic mixed breed cattle were at higher risk of LSD oxidative stress than bulls and local breeds (p < 0.05). Age was not associated with the risk of LSD (p > 0.05). Histologically, there was extensive tissue necrosis, severe vasculitis, mononuclear cell infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies.

Conclusion: LSD is associated with pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory states from imbalances that favor pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory factors in the detriment of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory factors, leading to organ dysfunction and ultimately death. Oxidative stress is more frequent in cows and mixed breed cattle than in bulls and local breeds.

Keywords: acute phase proteins; cytokines; lumpy skin disease; malondialdehyde; total anti-oxidant capacity.