Dry playa surfaces can be extremely vulnerable to disturbance which breaks their surface crusts resulting in increased aeolian sand and dust emissions. Trampling by livestock and motor vehicles is an important source of this disturbance. The Hamoun Lakes in the Sistan region of Iran are a major source area of dust storms which are causing damage to infrastructure and communities. This study performed portable wind tunnel tests of controlled surface disturbance by animals (cow, sheep) and motor vehicles (automobile, motorcycle) on a silty playa surface of Hamoun Saberi lake. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different levels of trampling and disturbed surfaces by both vehicles and livestock on dust emission at wind speeds of 6 and 12 m s-1. A significant increase of sediment emission was found with increased number of passes of vehicles and livestock and the degree of surface disturbance, more so at the high wind speed (12 m s-1). No significant differences were observed between a 10-20% disturbance level and an undisturbed surface, but statistically significant differences became apparent when disturbances reached 50-60% to 90-100% compared to undisturbed surfaces. Greater emission rates were reached by disturbances provided by automobile and cow compared to motorcycle and sheep, indicating greater trampling effects of automobile and cow likely related to greater weight and larger footprint. The automobile was the most surface-destructive of the four anthropogenic disturbances, providing emission in a lower number of passes compared to the motorcycle, cow and sheep. Better management of vehicle and livestock allocation on playas subject to disturbance, such as the Hamoun Lakes, will be a useful strategy to reduce disturbance and the frequency and intensity of dust storms.
Keywords: Aeolian processes; Disturbance; Playa; Trampling.
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