Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Salmonella Typhi: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nik Yusnoraini Yusof; Nur Iffah Izzati Norazzman; Nur Fatihah Mohd Zaidi; Mawaddah Mohd Azlan; Basyirah Ghazali; Mohamad Ahmad Najib; Abdul Hafiz Abdul Malik; Mohamad Aideil Helmy Abdul Halim; Muhammad Nor Syamim Mohd Sanusi; Annur Ashyqin Zainal; Ismail Aziah

doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7100271

Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Salmonella Typhi: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022 Sep 27;7(10):271. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100271.

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
² School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Abstract

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) that has developed resistance to many antimicrobials poses a serious challenge to public health. Hence, this study aimed to systematically determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in S. Typhi isolated from the environment and humans as well as to ascertain the spread of the selected AMR genes in S. Typhi. This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, and the study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). A total of 2353 studies were retrieved from three databases, of which 42 studies fulfilled the selection criteria. The pooled prevalence of AMR S. Typhi (using a random-effect model) was estimated at 84.8% (95% CI; 77.3−90.2), with high heterogeneity (I2: 95.35%, p-value < 0.001). The high estimated prevalence indicates that control methods should be improved immediately to prevent the spread of AMR among S. Typhi internationally.

Keywords: Salmonella Typhi; antibiotic resistance; antimicrobial resistance gene; meta-analysis; prevalence; systematic review.

Publication types

Review

Grants and funding

This research was funded by USM Short Term grant, 304.CIPPM.6315337 and Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) Grant from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (311/CIPPM/4401005).