Aims: This study aimed to investigate gadolinium (Gd) and bio-metals in a renal allograft of a patient who was shortly after transplantation repeatedly exposed to a Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA), with the purpose of determining whether Gd can be proven and spatially and quantitatively imaged. Further elemental associations between Gd and bio-metals were also investigated.
Materials and methods: Archival paraffin-embedded kidney tissue (eight weeks after transplantation) was investigated by microscopic synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (µSRXRF) at the DORIS III storage ring, beamline L, at HASYLAB/DESY (Hamburg, Germany). For the quantification of elements, X-ray spectra were peak-fitted, and the net peak intensities were normalized to the intensity of the incoming monochromatic beam intensity. Concentrations were calculated by fundamental parameter-based program quant and external standardization.
Results: Analysis of about 15,000 µSRXRF spectra (comprising allograft tissue of four cm2) Gd distribution could be quantitatively demonstrated in a near histological resolution. Mean Gd resulted in 24 ± 55 ppm with a maximum of 2363 ppm. The standard deviation of ±55 ppm characterized the huge differences in Gd and not in detection accuracy. Gd was heterogeneously but not randomly distributed and was mostly found in areas with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Concentrations of all other investigated elements in the allograft resembled those found in normal kidney tissue. No correlations between Gd and bio-metals such as calcium, strontium or zinc below ~40 ppm Gd existed. In areas with extremely high Gd, Gd was associated with iron and zinc.
Conclusions: We could show that no dose-dependent association between Gd and bio-metals exists-least in renal tissue-at Gd concentrations below ~40 ppm Gd. This was proven compared with a GBCA-exposed end-stage renal failure in which the mean Gd was ten-fold higher. Our results could shed additional light on Gd metabolism.
Keywords: bromine; gadolinium; iron; kidney; synchrotron X-ray fluorescence; zinc.