Anti-biofilm efficacy of green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles on oral biofilm: In vitro and in silico study

Dibyajit Lahiri; Rina Rani Ray; Tanmay Sarkar; Vijay Jagdish Upadhye; Sujay Ghosh; Soumya Pandit; Siddhartha Pati; Hisham Atan Edinur; Zulhisyam Abdul Kari; Moupriya Nag; Muhammad Rajaei Ahmad Mohd Zain

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.939390

Anti-biofilm efficacy of green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles on oral biofilm: In vitro and in silico study

Front Microbiol. 2022 Oct 3:13:939390. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.939390. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management Kolkata, Kolkata, India.
² Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, West Bengal, India.
³ Department of Food Processing Technology, Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Government of West Bengal, Malda, India.
⁴ Parul University, Vadodara, Gujrat, India.
⁵ AMH Energy Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata, India.
⁶ Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Noida, India.
⁷ Natnov Bioscience Private Limited, Balasore, India.
⁸ Skills Innovation & Academic Network (SIAN) Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation & Research (ABC), Balasore, India.
⁹ School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
¹⁰ Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
¹¹ Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Abstract

The development of biofilm on the biotic and abiotic surfaces is the greatest challenge for health care sectors. At present times, oral infection is a common concern among people with an unhealthy lifestyle and most of these biofilms-associated infections are resistant to antibiotics. This has increased a search for the development of alternate therapeutics for eradicating biofilm-associated infection. Nanobiotechnology being an effective way to combat such oral infections may encourage the use of herbal compounds, such as bio-reducing and capping agents. Green-synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NP) by the use of the floral extract of Clitoria ternatea, a traditionally used medicinal plant, showed stability for a longer period of time. The NPs as depicted by the TEM image with a size of 10 nm showed excitation spectra at 360 nm and were found to remain stable for a considerable period of time. It was observed that the NPs were effective in the eradication of the oral biofilm formed by the major tooth attacking bacterial strains namely Porphyromonsas gingivalis and Alcaligenes faecalis, by bringing a considerable reduction in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). It was observed that the viability of the Porphyromonsas gingivalis and Alcaligenes faecalis was reduced by NP treatment to 87.89 ± 0.25% in comparison to that of amoxicillin. The results went in agreement with the findings of modeling performed by the use of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The microscopic studies and FT-IR analysis revealed that there was a considerable reduction in the biofilm after NP treatment. The in silico studies further confirmed that the ZnO NPs showed considerable interactions with the biofilm-forming proteins. Hence, this study showed that ZnO NPs derived from Clitoria ternatea can be used as an effective alternative therapeutic for the treatment of biofilm associated oral infection.

Keywords: Clitoria ternatea; antibiofilm; artificial neural network; dental biofilm; response surface methodology.