Difficult to treat absence seizures in children: A single-center retrospective study

Samo Gregorčič; Jaka Hrovat; Neli Bizjak; Zvonka Rener Primec; Tadeja Hostnik; Blaž Stres; Mirjana Perković Benedik; Damjan Osredkar

doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.958369

Difficult to treat absence seizures in children: A single-center retrospective study

Front Neurol. 2022 Sep 29:13:958369. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.958369. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Samo Gregorčič¹, Jaka Hrovat¹, Neli Bizjak^{1

2}, Zvonka Rener Primec^{1

2}, Tadeja Hostnik¹, Blaž Stres^{3

4

5}, Mirjana Perković Benedik^{1

2}, Damjan Osredkar^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
² Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Developmental Neuroscience, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
³ Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Biotechnical, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁴ Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁵ Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Institute of Sanitary Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of typical absence seizures (AS), myoclonic AS and AS with eyelid myoclonia in children and to find associations between these characteristics and difficult to treat absence seizures (DTAS).

Methods: This was a single-center retrospective study. Electronic health records of pediatric patients with a clinical diagnosis of AS treated at a single tertiary epilepsy center between January 2013 and June 2020 were reviewed. Clinical characteristics, seizure information, ASM, and therapeutic response of patients were recorded. All patients were followed up for at least 1 year. DTAS were defined as failure to achieve remission after treatment with at least 2 anti-seizure medications (ASM), regardless of whether remission was achieved eventually in the study period.

Results: Data from 131 patients were available for analysis. Remission was achieved after the first ASM treatment in 81 (61.8%) patients, and eventually in 120 (91.6%) during the study period. Epilepsy was classified as DTAS in 18 (13.7%) patients. AS were more often difficult to treat in patients with myoclonic AS and AS with eyelid myoclonia (40.0%), compared with patients with typical AS (11.4%; p = 0.012, 95% CI 1.480-25.732). A positive family history of epilepsy (p = 0.046; 95% CI 1.021-8.572), a higher seizure frequency (p = 0.023, 95% CI 1.009-1.126) prior to ASM treatment, and longer time between seizure onset and treatment onset (p = 0.026; 95% CI 1.006-1.099) were also associated with DTAS.

Significance: Our study suggests that several clinical characteristics of AS are associated with DTAS. One of these was the time between onset of AS and initiation of ASM treatment, which can be shortened with better care, suggesting that early diagnosis and treatment may improve prognosis in pediatric patients with AS. These findings remain to be confirmed in larger prospective studies.

Keywords: anti-seizure medication; clinical features; difficult to treat absence seizures; first line treatment; prognostic factors; remission.