Background and Aims: Chronic liver disease—from any etiology—can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The progression of liver cirrhosis to the end stages of disease is influenced by a variety of factors, including inflammatory cytokines. We pursued a study of cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses in hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods: Immune profiles were determined through the serum multiplex profiling of >100 cytokines in a 188 cirrhotic patients, 35 healthy controls and 196 early-stage HCC patients. Results: Patients with liver cirrhosis exhibited a vast upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (p < 0.0001), including those with pro-oncogenic features, when compared to healthy individuals. In contrast to prevailing assumptions, each etiological cause of cirrhosis exhibited a unique cytokine profile in blood. Regardless of antiviral therapy, HBV cirrhosis patients had the largest number of upregulated proinflammatory mediators, compared to HCV, ALD and NAFLD (p < 0.0001). To further evaluate the etiology-dependent modulation of cytokine response in relation to liver cancer, we studied cytokine profiles in early-stage HCC patients strictly stratified by underlying liver disease. We observed unique sets of differentially expressed cytokines in each cohort of early-stage HCC patients of different cirrhosis etiologies. Conclusions: Our findings, therefore, underscore the importance of stratification by the etiological cause of liver cirrhosis in immune-based studies.
Keywords: cirrhosis; cytokines; liver cancer; liver disease etiology.