Aqueous ammonium-ion storage has been considered a promising energy storage competitor to meet the requirements of safety, affordability, and sustainability. However, ammonium-ion storage is still in its infancy in the absence of reliable electrode materials. Here, defective VO2 (d-VO) is employed as an anode material for ammonium-ion batteries with a moderate transport pathway and high reversible capacity of ≈200 mAh g-1 . Notably, an anisotropic or anisotropic behavior of structural change of d-VO between c-axis and ab planes depends on the state of charge (SOC). Compared with potassium-ion storage, ammonium-ion storage delivers a higher diffusion coefficient and better electrochemical performance. A full cell is further fabricated by d-VO anode and MnO2 cathode, which delivers a high energy density of 96 Wh kg-1 (based on the mass of VO2 ), and a peak energy density of 3254 W kg-1 . In addition, capacity retention of 70% can be obtained after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g-1 . What's more, the resultant quasi-solid-state MnO2 //d-VO full cell based on hydrogel electrolyte also delivers high safety and decent electrochemical performance. This work will broaden the potential applications of the ammonium-ion battery for sustainable energy storage.
Keywords: MnO 2; ammonium-ion storage; defective vanadium dioxide; high capacity; high stability.
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