Parasitological and malacological surveys to identify transmission sites for Schistosoma mansoni in Gomma District, south-western Ethiopia

Abstract

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that disproportionately affects the poorest people in tropical and subtropical countries. It is a major parasitic disease causing considerable morbidity in Ethiopia. Despite significant control efforts, schistosomiasis transmission is still widespread in many rural areas of the country. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of intestinal schistosomiasis among schoolchildren, as well as to identify schistosomiasis transmission sites in Gomma District, southwestern Ethiopia. Between October 2018 and September 2019, cross-sectional parasitological and malacological surveys were conducted in the study area. The study comprised 492 school-children aged 6 to 15 years old from four primary schools in Gomma District. To identify and quantify eggs of Schistosoma mansoni from the children, stool specimens were collected and processed using double Kato-Katz thick smears. Water bodies adjacent to human settlements in the study area were surveyed for snail intermediate hosts of S. mansoni. Morphological identification of collected snails was conducted, followed by examining their infection status using a dissecting microscope. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 73.8% (95%CI: 69.9-77.7%) and 41.6% of them had moderate-to-heavy infections. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection differed considerably by age group, with the older age groups (12-15) having a higher prevalence than the younger age groups (6-11) (p < 0.001). The prevalence of infection also varied significantly among schools; Dedo Ureche had the highest prevalence (86.9%) (p = 0.034), while Goga Kilole had relatively the lowest prevalence of S. mansoni infection (59.6%) (p = 0.003). A total of 1463 Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails were collected from 11 survey sites throughout the study area, with 357 (24.4%) of the snails shedding schistosomes cercariae. Despite intensified efforts to scale up mass drug administration in Ethiopia, this study reported high levels of S. mansoni infection among schoolchildren and snail intermediate hosts in rural communities in Gomma. Such a high infection rate warrants pressing needs for targeted and integrated interventions to control the disease in the area.