Introduction: Studies show that electric fields are used as therapy during nerve and tissue injuries along with trans-retinal stimulation. However, cellular and molecular changes induced by such treatments remain largely unknown especially in retinal photoreceptor cells. In vitro studies show that direct current electric fields (dcEF) were known to influence cell division, polarity, shape, and motility. Here we could characterize for the first time the reactions of 661W, a retinal cone photoreceptor especially regarding organelle polarization, membrane polarization of mitochondria, O2 consumption, ATP/ADP ratio and gene expression.
Methods: The 661W cells were stimulated with a constant dcEF of field strength 5 V/cm during 30 min or 5 h depending on the parameters studied.
Results: In response to dcEF, the cells aligned perpendicular to the field by forming a leading edge with extended membrane protrusions towards the cathode. Using immunofluorescence and live cell imaging, we show that the cell membrane depolarized at the cathodal side. The microtubules spread into the direction of migration. Also, the microtubule organization center re-oriented into this direction. Concomitantly with the microtubules, actin filaments reorganized in an asymmetrical fashion mainly at the cathodal side. The Golgi apparatus, which is involved in many steps of actin synthesis, moved to the cathodal side. In the last 2 h of the 5 h experiment, microtubules positioned themselves at the rear (anodal side), like the nucleus. The averaged displacement of the whole cells under dcEF was 155% of control for 3 V/cm and 235% for 5 V/cm. The average speed increased by 142% and 243% respectively. Inside the cells mitochondria moved to the cathodal side, where the energy consuming producing processes take place. In this line, we measured an increase in ATP production and O2 consumption. Mitochondrial calcium was found more on the anodal side, at the site of the nucleus with its calcium delivering endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, oxymetry studies reveal an increased ATP synthesis by 115.2% and oxygen consumption by 113.3% 3 h after dcEF stimulation. An analysis of differentially expressed genes by RNA sequencing revealed an upregulation of genes involved in cellular movement, cell to cell and intracellular signaling, molecular transport, assembly and organization.
Conclusions: The mechanisms found can enhance our understanding regarding the beneficial effects of EF treatment in retinal diseases.
Keywords: ATP production; O2 consumption; cell migration; cytoskeleton; electric fields; polarization; retinal photoreceptor.
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.