Small molecule imaging agents such as [11C]PiB, which bind to the core of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrils, are useful tools in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research, diagnostics, and drug development. However, the [11C]PiB PET signal saturates early in the disease progression and does not detect soluble or diffuse Aβ pathology which are believed to play important roles in the disease progression. Antibodies, modified into a bispecific format to enter the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis, could be a suitable alternative because of their diversity and high specificity for their target. However, the circulation time of these antibodies is long, resulting in an extended exposure to radiation and low imaging contrast. Here, we explore two alternative strategies to enhance imaging contrast by increasing clearance of the antibody ligand from blood. The bispecific Aβ targeting antibody RmAb158-scFv8D3 and the monospecific RmAb158 were radiolabeled and functionalized with either α-d-mannopyranosylphenyl isothiocyanate (mannose) or with trans-cyclooctene (TCO). While mannose can directly mediate antibody clearance via the liver, TCO-modified antibody clearance was induced by injection of a tetrazine-functionalized, liver-targeting clearing agent (CA). In vivo experiments in wild type and AD transgenic mice demonstrated the ability of both strategies to drastically shorten the circulation time of RmAb158, while they had limited effect on the bispecific variant RmAb158-8D3. Furthermore, single photon emission computed tomography imaging with TCO-[125I]I-RmAb158 in AD mice showed higher contrast 1 day after injection of the tetrazine-functionalized CA. In conclusion, strategies to enhance the clearance of antibody-based imaging ligands could allow imaging at earlier time points and thereby open the possibility to combine antibodies with short-lived radionuclides such as fluorine-18.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; SPECT imaging; TCO; antibody; clearing agent; inverse electron-demand Diels−Alder reaction; mannose; tetrazine.