Anatomophysiological relationships and clinical considerations of taste and smell loss in patients with COVID-19

Maria Fernanda Rossi Vigliar; Karina Torres Pomini; Daniela Vieira Buchaim; Rogerio Leone Buchaim

doi:10.5501/wjv.v11.i5.362

Anatomophysiological relationships and clinical considerations of taste and smell loss in patients with COVID-19

World J Virol. 2022 Sep 25;11(5):362-374. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i5.362.

Authors

Maria Fernanda Rossi Vigliar¹, Karina Torres Pomini^{1

2}, Daniela Vieira Buchaim^{2

3}, Rogerio Leone Buchaim^{1

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012901, São Paulo, Brazil.
² University of Marilia, Marilia 17525902, São Paulo, Brazil.
³ University Center of Adamantina, Adamantina 17800000, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴ Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508270, São Paulo, Brazil. rogerio@fob.usp.br.

Abstract

Background: There are numerous conflicting discussions about the outbreak of the new coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).

Aim: To present some anatomical and physiological considerations about two of the symptoms reported by patients: The loss or reduction of smell and taste.

Methods: The loss or reduction of smell and taste is presented in a peculiar way, with some cases of persistence even after COVID-19. For this, it was searched in three databases, PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus, using the following keywords: "Smell", "Taste", "Smell AND COVID-19", "Taste AND COVID-19", with no publication time restriction, only in English with full text available, excluding also brief communications, letters to the editor, editorials, reviews, comments, and conference abstracts.

Results: The search found 776 articles in the PubMed/MEDLINE database, 1018 in the Web of Science database, and 552 in the Scopus database, from which duplicates were removed (104 articles). Finally, 17 studies were selected for detailed analysis within the eligibility criteria, with titles and abstracts related to central nervous system lesions responsible for smell and taste. This review suggests that viral mechanisms of action may be related to lesions both at the local level and at the level of the central nervous system, lasting up to 3 to 4 wk. It is considered persistent if it exceeds this period, as reported in one case in this review. There are still few studies about the treatment, and among those addressed in this review, only two studies reported possible treatments and emphasized the scarcity of data, with the best option being treatments that do not cause harm, such as gustatory and olfactory physiotherapy.

Conclusion: Given the scarcity of data, this review emphasizes the importance of prevention, through the correct use of personal protective equipment by health professionals and respect for local behavioral indications. It is also emphasized, through five studies, that there is a predominance of such symptoms in patients with COVID-19, which can be a tool to control dissemination, through the early isolation of patients until the results are ready.

Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; Olfactory nerve; SARS-CoV-2; Smell; Taste.