Tree species admixture increases ecosystem service provision in simulated spruce- and beech-dominated stands

Reinhard Mey; Jürgen Zell; Esther Thürig; Golo Stadelmann; Harald Bugmann; Christian Temperli

doi:10.1007/s10342-022-01474-4

Tree species admixture increases ecosystem service provision in simulated spruce- and beech-dominated stands

Eur J For Res. 2022;141(5):801-820. doi: 10.1007/s10342-022-01474-4. Epub 2022 Jul 2.

Authors

Reinhard Mey^{1

2}, Jürgen Zell¹, Esther Thürig¹, Golo Stadelmann¹, Harald Bugmann², Christian Temperli¹

Affiliations

¹ Forest Resources and Management, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
² Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.

Abstract

Climate-adaptive forest management aims to sustain the provision of multiple forest ecosystem services and biodiversity (ESB). However, it remains largely unknown how changes in adaptive silvicultural interventions affect trade-offs and synergies among ESB in the long term. We used a simulation-based sensitivity analysis to evaluate popular adaptive forest management interventions in representative Swiss low- to mid-elevation beech- and spruce-dominated forest stands. We predicted stand development across the twenty-first century using a novel empirical and temperature-sensitive single-tree forest stand simulator in a fully crossed experimental design to analyse the effects of (1) planting mixtures of Douglas-fir, oak and silver fir, (2) thinning intensity, and (3) harvesting intensity on timber production, carbon storage and biodiversity under three climate scenarios. Simulation results were evaluated in terms of multiple ESB provision, trade-offs and synergies, and individual effects of the adaptive interventions. Timber production increased on average by 45% in scenarios that included tree planting. Tree planting led to pronounced synergies among all ESBs towards the end of the twenty-first century. Increasing the thinning and harvesting intensity affected ESB provision negatively. Our simulations indicated a temperature-driven increase in growth in beech- (+ 12.5%) and spruce-dominated stands (+ 3.7%), but could not account for drought effects on forest dynamics. Our study demonstrates the advantages of multi-scenario sensitivity analysis that enables quantifying effect sizes and directions of management impacts. We showed that admixing new tree species is promising to enhance future ESB provision and synergies among them. These results support strategic decision making in forestry.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10342-022-01474-4.

Keywords: Adaptive forest management; Climate change; Ecosystem services; Empirical stand simulator; Sensitivity analysis; Trade-offs and synergies.