Novel rechargeable nano-calcium phosphate and nano-calcium fluoride resin cements

Abstract

Objective: In most clinical circumstances, secondary caries at the margin of fixed dental restorations leads to restoration failure and replacement. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a novel rechargeable nano-calcium phosphate (NACP) and nano-calcium fluoride (nCaF₂) resin-based cement; and (2) investigate their mechanical properties and calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and fluoride (F) ion release, recharge, and re-release for the first time.

Methods: The cement matrix consisted of pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM), ethoxylated bisphenol-A-dimethacrylate (EBPADMA) was denoted PEHB. Four cements were fabricated: (1) PEHB+0%NACP+0%nCaF₂ (experimental control); (2) PEHB+25%NACP+0%nCaF₂, (3) PEHB+0%NACP+25%nCaF₂; (4) PEHB+12.5%NACP+12.5% nCaF₂. RelyX luting cement was used as a commercial control. Mechanical properties and long-term Ca, P, and F ion release, recharge, and re-release were evaluated.

Results: Adding 25% NACP, 25% nCaF₂ and adding both 12.5% NACP and 12.5% nCaF₂ to the cement matrix presented a significantly higher shear bond strength, flexural strength compared to the commercial control (p < 0.05) with a comparable outcome with no significant different (p > 0.05) compared to experimental control. The film thickness results of all cement groups met the ISO requirement (<50 µm). The resin cement group with both 12.5% NACP and 12.5% nCaF₂ successfully released Ca, P, and F ions at 3.1 ± 0.01, 1.1 ± 0.05, and 0.51±0.01 mmol/L respectively. Moreover, it showed the ability to re-release Ca, P, and F ions at 0.62±0.01, 0.12±0.01, and 0.42±0.01 mmol/L respectively.

Conclusions: The resin cement group with both 12.5% NACP and 12.5% nCaF₂ demonstrated the advantages of both types of bio-interactive fillers as it could release a higher level of ions than the resin cement with 25%nCAF₂ and exhibited a better rechargeability compared to the resin cement with 25%NACP.

Clinical significance: The ability of this novel resin-based cement to release, recharge, and re-release Ca, P, and F ions could be one of the keys to lengthening the survivability of fixed dental restorations. These features could help to reduce the onset of secondary caries by enhancing the remineralization and preventing the demineralization of tooth structures.

Keywords: Bio-interactive; Calcium fluoride nanoparticles; Calcium phosphate nanoparticles; Dental cement; Remineralizing.