Cancer cells produce liver metastasis via gap formation in sinusoidal endothelial cells through proinflammatory paracrine mechanisms

Sci Adv. 2022 Sep 30;8(39):eabo5525. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5525. Epub 2022 Sep 28.

Abstract

Intracellular gap (iGap) formation in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) is caused by the destruction of fenestrae and appears under pathological conditions; nevertheless, their role in metastasis of cancer cells to the liver remained unexplored. We elucidated that hepatotoxin-damaged and fibrotic livers gave rise to LSECs-iGap formation, which was positively correlated with increased numbers of metastatic liver foci after intrasplenic injection of Hepa1-6 cells. Hepa1-6 cells induced interleukin-23-dependent tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion by LSECs and triggered LSECs-iGap formation, toward which their processes protruded to transmigrate into the liver parenchyma. TNF-α triggered depolymerization of F-actin and induced matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), intracellular adhesion molecule 1, and CXCL expression in LSECs. Blocking MMP9 activity by doxycycline or an MMP2/9 inhibitor eliminated LSECs-iGap formation and attenuated liver metastasis of Hepa1-6 cells. Overall, this study revealed that cancer cells induced LSEC-iGap formation via proinflammatory paracrine mechanisms and proposed MMP9 as a favorable target for blocking cancer cell metastasis to the liver.

MeSH terms

  • Actins / metabolism
  • Animals
  • Doxycycline / metabolism
  • Endothelial Cells* / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Interleukin-23 / metabolism
  • Liver / metabolism
  • Liver Neoplasms* / pathology
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / metabolism
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / metabolism
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred Strains
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism

Substances

  • Actins
  • Interleukin-23
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 2
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
  • Doxycycline