Background: Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) is a serious complication in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. However, there is still a paucity of data on treatments and prognosis of patients with LVT. This study aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with LVT and to determine the impact of LVT on the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and all-cause mortality.
Methods: From January 2010 to January 2020, 237 patients diagnosed with LVT at The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine in East China were retrospectively included. Clinical characteristics, treatments, MACEs, and bleeding events [thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) I and II] were collected. MACE is determined as the composite of all-cause mortality, ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction (MI), and acute peripheral artery emboli.
Results: The all-cause mortality rate was 28.3% (89.6% due to cardiovascular death), ischemic stroke 8.4%, MI 3%, peripheral artery emboli 1.7%, and bleeding events (TIMI I and II) 7.6% were found during a median follow-up of 736 days. Total LVT regression occurred in 152 patients (64.1%). Atrial fibrillation [hazard ratio (HR), 3.049; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.264-7.355; p = 0.013], moderate and severe renal function injuries (HR, 2.097; 95% CI, 1.027-4.281; p = 0.042), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 50% (HR, 2.243; 95% CI 1.090-4.615; p = 0.028) were independent risk factors for MACE, whereas the use of β-blocker (HR, 0.397; 95% CI 0.210-0.753; p = 0.005) was its protective factor. Age (HR, 1.021; 95% CI 1.002-1.040; p = 0.031), previous caronary artery bypass grafting (CABG; HR, 4.634; 95% CI 2.042-10.517; p < 0.001), LVEF ≤ 50% (HR, 3.714; 95% CI 1.664-8.290; p = 0.001), and large thrombus area (HR, 1.071; 95% CI 1.019-1.126; p = 0.007) were independent risk factors for increasing all-cause mortality, whereas the use of β-blocker (HR, 0.410; 95% CI 0.237-0.708; p = 0.001) was protective factor.
Conclusion: This study showed that atrial fibrillation, moderate and severe renal dysfunction, and LVEF ≤ 50% were independent risk factors for MACE; age, previous CABG, LVEF ≤ 50%, and large thrombus area were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality. It was found that the use of β-blockers could improve the prognosis of patient with LVT for the first time. It is recommended that clinicians could be more active in applying patient with LVT with anticoagulants.
Keywords: MACE; bleeding; clinical characteristics; left ventricular thrombus; prognosis; treatment.
Copyright © 2022 Li, Lau, Qian, Song, Jin, Zhou, Yu, Pan and Zhou.