Adaptive systems and Augmented Reality are among the most promising technologies in teaching and learning processes, as they can be an effective tool for training engineering students' spatial skills. Prior work has investigated the integration of AR technology in engineering education, and more specifically, in spatial ability training. However, the modeling of user knowledge in order to personalize the training has been neither sufficiently explored nor exploited in this task. There is a lot of space for research in this area. In this work, we introduce a novel personalization of the learning path within an AR spatial ability training application. The aim of the research is the integration of Augmented Reality, specifically in engineering evaluation and fuzzy logic technology. During one academic semester, three engineering undergraduate courses related to the domain of spatial skills were supported by a developed adaptive training system named PARSAT. Using the technology of fuzzy weights in a rule-based decision-making module and the learning theory of the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcomes for the design of the learning material, PARSAT offers adaptive learning activities for the students' cognitive skills. Students' data were gathered at the end of the academic semester, and a thorough analysis was delivered. The findings demonstrated that the proposed training method outperformed the traditional method that lacked adaptability, in terms of domain expertise and learning theories, considerably enhancing student learning outcomes.
Keywords: adaptive learning; augmented reality; fuzzy weights; personalized system; spatial ability.