A Modeling and Analysis Study Reveals That CaMKII in Synaptic Plasticity Is a Dominant Affecter in CaM Systems in a T286 Phosphorylation-Dependent Manner

Abstract

NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus consists of two opposing forces: long-term potentiation (LTP), which strengthens synapses and long-term depression (LTD), which weakens synapses. LTP and LTD are associated with memory formation and loss, respectively. Synaptic plasticity is controlled at a molecular level by Ca²⁺-mediated protein signaling. Here, Ca²⁺ binds the protein, calmodulin (CaM), which modulates synaptic plasticity in both directions. This is because Ca²⁺-bound CaM activates both LTD-and LTP-inducing proteins. Understanding how CaM responds to Ca²⁺ signaling and how this translates into synaptic plasticity is therefore important to understanding synaptic plasticity induction. In this paper, CaM activation by Ca²⁺ and calmodulin binding to downstream proteins was mathematically modeled using differential equations. Simulations were monitored with and without theoretical knockouts and, global sensitivity analyses were performed to determine how Ca²⁺/CaM signaling occurred at various Ca²⁺ signals when CaM levels were limiting. At elevated stimulations, the total CaM pool rapidly bound to its protein binding targets which regulate both LTP and LTD. This was followed by CaM becoming redistributed from low-affinity to high-affinity binding targets. Specifically, CaM was redistributed away from LTD-inducing proteins to bind the high-affinity LTP-inducing protein, calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII). In this way, CaMKII acted as a dominant affecter and repressed activation of opposing CaM-binding protein targets. The model thereby showed a novel form of CaM signaling by which the two opposing pathways crosstalk indirectly. The model also found that CaMKII can repress cAMP production by repressing CaM-regulated proteins, which catalyze cAMP production. The model also found that at low Ca²⁺ stimulation levels, typical of LTD induction, CaM signaling was unstable and is therefore unlikely to alone be enough to induce synaptic depression. Overall, this paper demonstrates how limiting levels of CaM may be a fundamental aspect of Ca²⁺ regulated signaling which allows crosstalk among proteins without requiring directly interaction.

Keywords: Ca2+ signaling; calmodulin; calmodulin-dependent kinase II; cell signaling; computational modeling; mathematical model; protein phosphatase 1; sensitivity analysis.