Top-down fabrication of ordered arrays of GaN nanowires by selective area sublimation

Abstract

We demonstrate the top-down fabrication of ordered arrays of GaN nanowires by selective area sublimation of pre-patterned GaN(0001) layers grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on Al₂O₃. Arrays with nanowire diameters and spacings ranging from 50 to 90 nm and 0.1 to 0.7 μm, respectively, are simultaneously produced under identical conditions. The sublimation process, carried out under high vacuum conditions, is analyzed in situ by reflection high-energy electron diffraction and line-of-sight quadrupole mass spectrometry. During the sublimation process, the GaN(0001) surface vanishes, giving way to the formation of semi-polar {11̄03} facets which decompose congruently following an Arrhenius temperature dependence with an activation energy of (3.54 ± 0.07) eV and an exponential prefactor of 1.58 × 10³¹ atoms per cm² per s. The analysis of the samples by low-temperature cathodoluminescence spectroscopy reveals that, in contrast to dry etching, the sublimation process does not introduce nonradiative recombination centers at the nanowire sidewalls. This technique is suitable for the top-down fabrication of a variety of ordered nanostructures, and could possibly be extended to other material systems with similar crystallographic properties such as ZnO.