Influence of NaCl and pH on lysostaphin catalytic activity, cell binding, and bacteriolytic activity

Abstract

Peptidoglycan-degrading enzymes are a group of proteins intensively studied as novel antibacterials, with some of them having reached pre-clinical and clinical stages of research. Many peptidoglycan-degrading enzymes have modular organization and consist of a catalytic and a cell wall binding domain. This property has been exploited in enzyme engineering efforts, and many new peptidoglycan-degrading enzymes were generated through domain exchange. However, rational combination of domains from different enzymes is still challenging since relative contribution of every domain to the cumulative bacteriolytic activity is not yet clearly understood. In this work, we investigated the influence of ionic strength and pH on the catalytic efficiency and cell binding of peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme lysostaphin and how this influence is reflected in the lysostaphin bacteriolytic activity. Contrary to generally accepted view, lysostaphin domains are not completely independent and their combination within one protein leads to increased bacteriolytic activity with increasing NaCl concentration, despite both catalysis and cell binding being inhibited by NaCl. This effect is likely mediated by changes in conformation of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan rather than the physical inter-domain interaction. KEY POINTS: • NaCl enhances bacteriolytic activity of lysostaphin but not of its catalytic domain. • Catalytic activity and cell binding of lysostaphin are inhibited by NaCl. • Peptidoglycan conformation likely affects lysostaphin bacteriolytic activity.

Keywords: Cell wall; Ionic strength; Molecular conformation; Peptide hydrolases; Peptidoglycan; Staphylococcus.