Efficacy of bednets with dual insecticide-treated netting (Interceptor® G2) on side and roof panels against Anopheles arabiensis in north-eastern Tanzania

Abstract

Background: Optimising insecticide use and managing insecticide resistance are important to sustain gains against malaria using long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Restricting insecticides to where mosquitoes are most likely to make multiple contacts could reduce the quantity of insecticide needed to treat the nets. Previous studies have shown that nets partially treated with a pyrethroid insecticide had equivalent mortality compared to a fully treated net. This study compared the efficacy of: (i) whole Interceptor® G2 nets (IG2; a dual-active LLIN containing alpha-cypermethrin and chlorfenapyr), (ii) nets with roof panels made of IG2 netting, (iii) nets with side panels made of IG2 netting and (iv) whole untreated nets as test nets.

Methods: The study was conducted in cow-baited experimental huts, Moshi Tanzania, using a four-arm Latin square design. Test nets had 30 holes cut in panels to simulate a typical net after 2-3 year use. The trial data were analysed using generalized linear models with mortality, blood-feeding, exophily and deterrence against wild free-flying Anopheles arabiensis as outcomes and test nets as predictors.

Results: Mortality was significantly higher in the nets with roof IG2 [27%, P = 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 51.0, 95% CI = 4.8-546.2), side IG2 (44%, P < 0.001, OR = 137.6, 95% CI = 12.2-1553.2] and whole IG2 (53%, P < 0.001, OR = 223.0, 95% CI = 19.07-2606.0) nettings than the untreated (1%) nets. Mortality was also significantly higher in the whole IG2 net compared to the net with roof IG2 netting (P = 0.009, OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.4-13.3). Blood feeding was 22% in untreated, 10% in roof IG2, 14% in side IG2 and 19% in whole IG2 nets. Exiting was 92% in untreated, 89% in roof IG2, 97% in side IG2 and 94% whole IG2 nets.

Conclusion: The results show that although the roof-treated IG2 net induced greater mortality compared to untreated nets, its efficacy was reduced compared to whole IG2 nets. Therefore, there was no benefit to be gained from restricting dual-active ingredient IG2 netting to the roof of nets.

Keywords: Alphacypermethrin; Anopheles arabiensis; Chlorfenapyr; Insecticide resistance; Long-lasting insecticidal nets; Partially treated nets.