Roles and current applications of S-nitrosoglutathione in anti-infective biomaterials

Abstract

Bacterial infections can compromise the physical and biological functionalities of humans and pose a huge economical and psychological burden on infected patients. Nitric oxide (NO) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, whose mechanism of action is not affected by bacterial resistance. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an endogenous donor and carrier of NO, has gained increasing attention because of its potent antibacterial activity and efficient biocompatibility. Significant breakthroughs have been made in the application of GSNO in biomaterials. This review is based on the existing evidence that comprehensively summarizes the progress of antimicrobial GSNO applications focusing on their anti-infective performance, underlying antibacterial mechanisms, and application in anti-infective biomaterials. We provide an accurate overview of the roles and applications of GSNO in antibacterial biomaterials and shed new light on the avenues for future studies.

Keywords: A.baumannii, Acinetobacter baumannii; AgNPs, Silver nanoparticles; Antibacterial property; BMSCs, Bone marrow stem cells; Bacterial resistance; Biomaterials; C.albicans, Candida albicans; CS/GE, Chitosan/gelatin; Cu, copper; DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide; DPA, Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid; E. coli, Escherichia coli; E.tenella, Eimeria tenella; ECC, Extracorporeal circulation; ECM, Experimental cerebral malaria; GSNO, S-Nitrosoglutathione; GSNOR, S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase; H.pylori, Helicobacter pylori; HCC, Human cervical carcinoma; HDFs, Human dermal fibroblasts; HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; ICR, Imprinted control region; Infection; K.Pneumonia, Klebsiella Pneumonia; L.amazonensis, Leishmania amazonensis; L.major, Leishmania major; M.Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; M.smegmatis, Mycobacterium smegmatis; MOF, Metal–organic framework; MRPA, Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; MRSA, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; N. gonorrhoeae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae; N.meningitidis, Neisseria meningitidis; NA, Not available; NO-np, NO-releasing nanoparticulate platform; NP, Nanoparticle; P.aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; P.berghei, Plasmodium berghei; P.mirabilis, Proteus mirabilis; PCL, Polycaprolactone; PCVAD, Porcine circovirus-associated disease; PDA-GSNO NPs, Polydopamine nanoparticles containing GSNO; PDAM@Cu, polydopamine based copper coatings; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PHB, polyhydroxybutyrate; PLA, polylactic acid; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PTT, Photothermal therapy; PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol); PVA/PEG, poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethylene glycol); PVC, poly(vinyl chloride); S-nitrosoglutathione; S. typhimurium, Salmonella typhimurium; S.aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; S.epidermidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis; S.pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae; SAKI, Septic acute kidney injury; SCI, Spinal cord slices; Se, Selenium; Sp3, Specificity proteins 3; TDC, Tunneled dialysis catheters; TMOS, Tetramethylorthosilicate; ZnO, Zinc oxide; cftr, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatory gene; d, day; h, hour; min, minute; pSiNPs, porous silicon nanoparticles; w, week.