Prediction of pelvic lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer using radiomics based on T2-weighted imaging

Abstract

Objectives: Pelvic lymph node metastasis (PLNM) is an important factor that affects the stage and prognosis of prostate cancer. Invasive extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) is the most effective method for clinically diagnosing PLNM. Accurate preoperative prediction of PLNM can reduce unnecessary ePLND. This study aims to investigate the clinical value of radiomics nomogram in predicting PLNM of prostate cancer based on T₂-weighted imaging (T₂WI).

Methods: Magnetic resonance (MR) data of 71 patients with prostate cancer who underwent ePLND from January 2017 to June 2021 in Peking University First Hospital were collected retrospectively. All patients were assigned into a training set (January 2017 to December 2020, n=56, containing 186 lymph nodes) and a test set (January 2021 to June 2021, n=15, containing 45 lymph nodes) according to the examination time of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Two radiologists matched the dissected lymph nodes on MRI images, and manually annotated the region of interest (ROI). Based on the outlined ROI, 3 metastatic lymph node prediction models were established: Model 1 (only image features of T₂WI), Model 2 (radiomics features based on random forest), and Model 3 (combination of the image and radiomics features). A nomogram was also established. The clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients were obtained from the medical records, including age, the Gleason score, the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and clinical and pathological T stage. The preoperative radiological features of the pelvic lymph nodes (LNs) include size of LNs (the short and long diameters) and volume of LNs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the 3 models and decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the clinical benefits of the models.

Results: No significant differences were found between the training set and test set regarding age, Gleason scores, PSA level, and clinical and pathological T stage (all P>0.05). The differences in volume, short diameter and long diameter between metastatic and non-metastatic LNs were statistically significant in both training set and test set (all P<0.05). In multivariate regression analysis, the short diameter and marginal status of LNs were included in Model 1. Eighteen omics features were selected to construct Model 2. The signal distribution of LNs and Rad score were the significant risk factors for predicting metastasis of pelvic LNs in Model 3. The C-index of nomogram based on Model 3 reached 0.964, and the calibration curve showed that the model had high calibration degree. In the test set, the area under the curves of Model 1, 2, and 3 were 0.78, 0.93, and 0.96 respectively, Model 2 and Model 3 showed significantly higher diagnostic efficiency than Model 1 (Model 1 vs Model 2, P=0.019; Model 1 vs Model 3, P=0.020). There was no significant difference in the area under the curve between Model 2 and Model 3 (P=0.649). The DCA results of the 3 models showed that all models obtained higher net benefits than the PLNM-all or PLNM-none protocol in different ranges of threshold probabilities and Model 3 had the highest clinical benefit.

Conclusions: The radiomics nomogram based on T₂WI shows a good predictive efficacy for preoperative PLNM in patients with prostate cancer, which could be served as an imaging biomarker to optimize decision-making and adjust adjuvant treatments.

Keywords: lymph node metastasis; magnetic resonance imaging; nomogram; prostate cancer; radiomics.