Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity syndrome in tuberculous meningitis with paradoxical reaction

Abstract

Introduction and importance: Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity syndrome is frequently reported in traumatic brain injury. However, it may occur in non-traumatic brain injury, such as tuberculous meningitis with hydrocephalus.

Case presentation: We reported a 38-year-old male who presented with acute decrease of consciousness and hemiparesis that was developed during antitubercular drugs therapy. CT Scan showed hydrocephalus and granuloma lesion. Emergency ventriculoperitoneal shunting were performed. During treatment, the patient developed paroxysmal sympathetic syndrome during treatment that was controlled based on symptom elimination and prevention.

Clinical discussion: Brain tuberculosis remains a difficult problem for clinicians. Even when antitubercular drugs are administered according to protocol, paradoxical reactions can occur. If hydrocephalus develops, ventriculoperitoneal shunting is one of the options for lowering intracranial pressure. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity may occur in brain tuberculosis and should be detected as soon as possible to avoid serious morbidity.

Conclusion: Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity may be developed in brain tuberculosis. Early identification and treatment are mandatory.

Keywords: Case report; Paradoxical reaction; Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity; Tuberculous meningitis.