Objective: Cervical spine injuries in children under 10 frequently involve the craniocervical junction. In patients too small for conventional spinal instrumentation, treatment may involve placement of a halo orthotic, and these patients will frequently be discharged home in a halo orthotic. To date, little research has been done on the biomechanics of motor vehicle collisions involving young children in halo orthotics. To better understand possible safety concerns, we applied a halo orthotic to an appropriately sized anthropomorphic test device (ATD, or crash test dummy) on an acceleration sled to simulate a frontal motor vehicle collision.Methods: For the tests, a Hybrid III 3-year-old ATD was instrumented with head and chest accelerometers, head angular rate sensors, a six-axis upper neck load cell, and a chest linear potentiometer. Four tests were conducted on an acceleration sled, and kinematics were recorded with high speed video. Testing variables included 1) with or without a halo orthotic and 2) with a standard booster seat or a commercially available harness vest.Results: The halo orthotic reduced flexion and extension but was associated with increased rotation, especially in the condition of a halo orthotic with a standard booster seat. Increased cervical distraction was noted with the halo orthotic, and this was especially increased in the condition of a halo orthotic with the harness vest.Conclusions: The biomechanics of a child involved in a motor vehicular collision may be dramatically altered with a halo orthotic, as modeled by an acceleration sled test. While cervical spine flexion and extension are reduced with the halo orthotic, rotation appears to increase. Immobilization from a halo orthotic also appears to increase cervical distraction, especially when used in conjunction with a harness vest. Further testing is needed to determine the safest restraints for this small, but at-risk, population.
Keywords: Pediatric; biomechanics; motor vehicle collision; orthotics; safety restraint; spine.