Background: Radial head fractures are often evaluated in emergency departments and can easily be missed. Automated or semi-automated detection methods that help physicians may be valuable regarding the high miss rate.
Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of combined deep, transfer, and classical machine learning approaches on a small dataset for determination of radial head fractures.
Material and methods: A total of 48 patients with radial head fracture and 56 patients without fracture on elbow radiographs were retrospectively evaluated. The input images were obtained by cropping anteroposterior elbow radiographs around a center-point on the radial head. For fracture determination, an algorithm based on feature extraction using distinct prototypes of pretrained networks (VGG16, ResNet50, InceptionV3, MobileNetV2) representing four different approaches was developed. Reduction of feature space dimensions, feeding the most relevant features, and development of ensemble of classifiers were utilized.
Results: The algorithm with the best performance consisted of preprocessing the input, computation of global maximum and global mean outputs of four distinct pretrained networks, dimensionality reduction by applying univariate and ensemble feature selectors, and applying Support Vector Machines and Random Forest classifiers to the transformed and reduced dataset. A maximum accuracy of 90% with MobileNetV2 pretrained features was reached for fracture determination with a small sample size.
Conclusion: Radial head fractures can be determined with a combined approach and limitations of the small sample size can be overcome by utilizing pretrained deep networks with classical machine learning methods.
Keywords: Deep learning; classical machine learning; radial head fracture; transfer learning.