Synthesis of Novel 2,3-Dihydro-1,5-Benzothiazepines as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: In Vitro, In Vivo, Kinetic, SAR, Molecular Docking, and QSAR Studies

Rabia Mehmood; Ehsan Ullah Mughal; Eslam B Elkaeed; Rami J Obaid; Yasir Nazir; Hanan A Al-Ghulikah; Nafeesa Naeem; Munirah M Al-Rooqi; Saleh A Ahmed; Syed Wadood Ali Shah; Amina Sadiq

doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c03328

Synthesis of Novel 2,3-Dihydro-1,5-Benzothiazepines as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: In Vitro, In Vivo, Kinetic, SAR, Molecular Docking, and QSAR Studies

ACS Omega. 2022 Aug 17;7(34):30215-30232. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03328. eCollection 2022 Aug 30.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University, Sialkot 51300, Pakistan.
² Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan.
³ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
⁶ Department of Chemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51300, Pakistan.
⁷ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
⁹ Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan.

Abstract

In the present study, a series of 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine derivatives 1B-14B has been synthesized sand characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the target analogues were assessed using in vitro and in vivo mechanism-based assays. The tested compounds 1B-14B exhibited in vitro inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ = 2.62 ± 0.16 to 10.11 ± 0.32 μM as compared to the standard drug acarbose (IC₅₀ = 37.38 ± 1.37 μM). Kinetic studies of the most active derivatives 2B and 3B illustrated competitive inhibitions. Based on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, the compounds 2B, 3B, 6B, 7B, 12B, 13B, and 14B were chosen in vivo for further evaluation of antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. All these evaluated compounds demonstrated significant antidiabetic activity and were found to be nontoxic in nature. Moreover, the molecular docking study was performed to elucidate the binding interactions of most active analogues with the various sites of the α-glucosidase enzyme (PDB ID 3AJ7). Additionally, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed based on the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. The value of correlation coefficient (r) 0.9553 shows that there was a good correlation between the 1B-14B structures and selected properties. There is a correlation between the experimental and theoretical results. Thus, these novel compounds could serve as potential candidates to become leads for the development of new drugs provoking an anti-hyperglycemic effect.