Locating longitudinal study participants 10 years after last contact: Contemporary approaches to sample retention

J Community Psychol. 2023 May;51(4):1540-1559. doi: 10.1002/jcop.22932. Epub 2022 Aug 30.

Abstract

Aims: Despite their advantages, longitudinal studies often face high rates of attrition. This study documents the extensive efforts associated with retaining a longitudinal cohort last contacted 10 years earlier.

Method: We examine the processes and outcomes of attempts to reach 1736 individuals who have been part of a multiwave study about growing up in Ontario, Canada. Contact methods include email, phone, text, social media, postal mail, announcements in newspapers, subway stations, and music streaming services.

Results: Challenges included a lack of consistent annual communication with participants, children moving out of the parental home, and changes in email addresses and phone numbers. The most effective contact method was phone; text messages and friend referrals were the least effective. Overall, 41.5% of the original sample was reached. Locating former research participants years later necessitated multiple and repeated contact attempts, and intensive human resources.

Conclusion: Ten lessons for effective sample retention are discussed. In summary, reducing attrition depends on a comprehensive study design and an organized and flexible protocol that adapts to a study's ever-changing needs.

Keywords: Ontario; community-based studies; families; longitudinal; recruitment; retention; social media.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Communication
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Longitudinal Studies*
  • Lost to Follow-Up*
  • Male
  • Ontario
  • Research Design
  • Young Adult