Guilt is effectively induced by a written auto-biographical essay but not reduced by experimental pain

Selina Schär; Antonia Vehlen; Julia Ebneter; Nathalie Schicktanz; Dominique J F de Quervain; Lutz Wittmann; Lutz Götzmann; Martin Grosse Holtforth; Sonja Protic; Alexander Wettstein; Niklaus Egloff; Konrad Streitberger; Kyrill I M Schwegler

doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.891831

Guilt is effectively induced by a written auto-biographical essay but not reduced by experimental pain

Front Behav Neurosci. 2022 Aug 11:16:891831. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.891831. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
² Abteilung für biologische und klinische Psychologie, University of Trier, Trier, Germany.
³ Psychology Department, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁴ Division of Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
⁵ International Psychoanalytic University, Berlin, Germany.
⁶ Institute of Philosophy, Psychoanalysis and Cultural Studies, Berlin, Germany.
⁷ Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
⁸ Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁹ Department of Research and Development, University of Teacher Education Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Pain Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of the present study was (1) to validate the method of guilt-induction by means of a written auto-biographical essay and (2) to test whether experimental pain is apt to alleviate the mental burden of guilt, a concept receiving support from both empirical research and clinical observation.

Methods: Three independent groups of healthy male participants were recruited. Group allocation was not randomized but within group pain/sham administration was counterbalanced over the two test-days. Groups were tested in the following consecutive order: Group A: guilt induction, heat-pain/sham, N = 59; Group B: guilt induction, cold-pressure-pain/sham, N = 43; Group C: emotionally neutral induction, heat-pain/sham, N = 39. Guilt was induced on both test-days in group A and B before pain/sham administration. Visual analog scale (VAS) guilt ratings immediately after pain/sham stimulation served as the primary outcome. In a control group C the identical heat-pain experiment was performed like in group A but a neutral emotional state was induced.

Results: A consistently strong overall effect of guilt-induction (heat-pain: p < 0.001, effect size r = 0.71; CPT-pain p < 0.001, r = 0.67) was found when compared to the control-condition (p = 0.25, r = 0.08). As expected, heat- and cold-pressure-stimuli were highly painful in all groups (p < 0.0001, r = 0.89). However, previous research supporting the hypothesis that pain is apt to reduce guilt was not replicated.

Conclusion: Although guilt-induction was highly effective on both test-days no impact of pain on behavioral guilt-ratings in healthy individuals could be identified. Guilt induction per se did not depend on the order of testing. The result questions previous experimental work on the impact of pain on moral emotions.

Keywords: chronic pain; emotional memory; moral emotions; pain-proneness; stress; trauma.