A blockchain based lightweight peer-to-peer energy trading framework for secured high throughput micro-transactions

Nihar Ranjan Pradhan; Akhilendra Pratap Singh; Sahil Verma; Kavita; Marcin Wozniak; Jana Shafi; Muhammad Fazal Ijaz

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18603-z

A blockchain based lightweight peer-to-peer energy trading framework for secured high throughput micro-transactions

Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 25;12(1):14523. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18603-z.

Authors

Nihar Ranjan Pradhan¹, Akhilendra Pratap Singh², Sahil Verma³, Kavita³, Marcin Wozniak⁴, Jana Shafi⁵, Muhammad Fazal Ijaz⁶

Affiliations

¹ School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), VIT-AP University, Vijayawada, 522237, Andhra Pradesh, India.
² Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, 793003, India.
³ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India.
⁴ Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland. marcin.wozniak@polsl.pl.
⁵ Department of Computer Science, College of Arts and Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Wadi Ad-Dawasir, 11991, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea. fazal@sejong.ac.kr.

Abstract

With the electric power grid experiencing a rapid shift to the smart grid paradigm over a deregulated energy market, Internet of Things (IoT) based solutions are gaining prominence and innovative Peer To Peer (P2P) energy trading at micro-level are being deployed. Such advancement, however leave traditional security models vulnerable and pave the path for Blockchain, an Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) with its decentralized, open and transparency characteristics as a viable alternative. However, due to deregulation in energy trading markets, massive volumes of micro transactions are required to be supported, which become a performance bottleneck with existing Blockchain solution such as Hyperledger, Ethereum and so on. In this paper, a lightweight 'Tangle' based framework, namely IOTA (Third generation DLT) is employed for designing an energy trading market that uses Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) based solution that not only alleviates the reward overhead for micro-transactions but also provides scalability, quantum-proof, and high throughput of such transactions at low confirmation latency. Furthermore the Masked Authentication Messaging (MAM) protocol is used over the IOTA P2P energy trading framework that allows energy producer and consumer to share the data while maintaining the confidentiality, and facilitates the data accessibility. The Raspberry Pi 3 board along with voltage sensor (INA219) used for the setting up light node and publishing and fetching data from the Tangle. The results of the obtained benchmarking indicate low confirmation latency, high throughput, system with Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum. Moreover, the effect of transaction rate decreases when the IOTA bundle size increases more than 10. For bundle size 5 and 10 it behaves absolutely better than any other platform. The speedy confirmation time of transactions in IOTA, is most suitable for peer to peer energy trading scenarios. This study serves as a guideline for deploying, end-to-end transaction with IOTA Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and improving the performance of Blockchain in the energy sector under various operating conditions.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Blockchain*
Computer Security
Confidentiality
Internet of Things*
Publishing