Discrimination is associated with poor sleep quality in pregnant Black American women

Abstract

Background: Heightened exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination is associated with poorer sleep health among non-pregnant adults. This relationship has received limited research attention among pregnant women, despite the importance of prenatal sleep quality for optimal maternal and child health outcomes.

Methods: We utilized perinatal data from a sample of Black American women (n = 600) participating in a cohort study who reported their lifetime experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination and gendered racial stress during early pregnancy and reported on their sleep quality and depressive symptoms during early and mid-pregnancy. Hierarchical multiple linear regression models were fit to examine associations between lifetime experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination or gendered racial stress and sleep quality during early and mid-pregnancy. We also adjusted for women's concurrent depressive symptoms and tested whether the discrimination/sleep quality association varied by socioeconomic status.

Results: Greater exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination was associated with poorer sleep quality during early (ΔR² = 0.04, ΔF = 26.08, p < 0.001) and mid-pregnancy (ΔR² = 0.02, ΔF = 9.88, p = 0.002). Similarly, greater gendered racial stress was associated with poorer sleep quality during early (ΔR² = 0.10, ΔF = 65.72, p < 0.001) and mid-pregnancy (ΔR² = 0.06, ΔF = 40.43, p < 0.001. These findings largely held after adjustment for concurrent prenatal depressive symptoms. Socioeconomic status did not modify the observed relationships.

Conclusions: Efforts to decrease institutional and interpersonal experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination and gendered racism would benefit the sleep quality of pregnant Black American women, particularly during early pregnancy.

Keywords: Pregnancy; Prenatal sleep quality; Racial/ethnic discrimination; Sleep quality.