Uptake and translocation of synthetic musk fragrances by pea plant grown in sewage sludge-amended soils

Ana Sofia Fernandes; Tomé Azevedo; Filipe Rocha; Eugénia Nunes; Vera Homem

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119908

Uptake and translocation of synthetic musk fragrances by pea plant grown in sewage sludge-amended soils

Environ Pollut. 2022 Oct 1:310:119908. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119908. Epub 2022 Aug 10.

Authors

Ana Sofia Fernandes¹, Tomé Azevedo², Filipe Rocha¹, Eugénia Nunes³, Vera Homem⁴

Affiliations

¹ LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
² LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
³ GreenUPorto, Sustainable Agrifood Production, Campus de Vairão, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646, Portugal.
⁴ LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal. Electronic address: vhomem@fe.up.pt.

PMID: 35963392
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119908

Abstract

Sewage sludges are rich in organic matter and several essential nutrients for plant growth, making them very appealing for application in agricultural soils. However, they may also contain a wide range of emerging pollutants, which has raised concerns about the potential risks of this practice to crops, the environment, and public health - accumulation in soils and/or plant uptake and translocation of contaminants. Therefore, there is a need to study plant-soil interactions and assess the uptake potential of these contaminants by food crops to better understand these risks. The main aim of this work was to assess the possible drawbacks of sludge application to cropland, by observing the impact on the growth and yield of a model crop (pea plant - Pisum sativum) grown over an 86-day greenhouse experiment and by assessing the uptake potential of synthetic musk fragrances. Different sewage sludge application rates (4-30-ton ha^-1) and initial concentrations of contaminants were tested. The application of sludge yielded benefits to the cultivated plants, finding improved crop productivity with an application rate of 30-ton ha^-1. At the end of the experiment, soil samples and plants separated into sections were analysed using a QuEChERS extraction methodology followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) quantification. Galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) underwent uptake by the plant roots, having been detected in concentrations up to 346 ng g^-1 on a dry weight basis (dw), but only HHCB was detected in above ground tissues. At the end, a decrease in the levels of synthetic musks in the amended soils (>80% in several instances) was observed. Assuming the worst-case scenario, no risk to human health was observed from the ingestion of peas grown on sewage sludge-amended soils. However, a soil hazard quotient analysis yielded worryingly high quotient values for AHTN in nearly all tested conditions.

Keywords: Amended-soils; Plant uptake; Sewage sludge; Synthetic musks.

MeSH terms

Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated
Humans
Odorants
Perfume*
Pisum sativum
Plants
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
Receptors, Cholinergic
Sewage
Soil
Soil Pollutants*

Substances

Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated
Perfume
Receptors, Cholinergic
Sewage
Soil
Soil Pollutants
musk
MUSK protein, human
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases